Estimation of world trade for used automobiles

In order to provide the basic information for building an international automobile recycling system, this article attempts to estimate the multilateral trade for used automobiles. First, the problems in evaluation of the used automobile trade were clarified through the trade data obtained from the United Nations database (UN-DB) and the Global Trade Information Services database (GTI-DB). Furthermore, we developed an estimation method for the used automobile trade using the highlighted advantages of the UN-DB and GTI-DB. The reasons for employing this estimation method were to correct the systematic errors in both databases and to sample used automobile data from the UN-DB by using the new and used automobile information in the GTI-DB. The world trade volume for used passenger cars in 2005 was estimated by the method developed. These results indicated that total trade volume was 5.65 × 10⁶ vehicles, and that the exports from Germany, the United States, and Japan comprise 22%, 21%, and 20% of the global total, respectively. Moreover, the results indicate that these countries export used passenger cars not only to developing countries (54%), but also to developed countries (46%).     

Molecular phylogeny and zoogeography of marine sculpins in the genus Gymnocanthus (Teleostei; Cottidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences

Gymnocanthus is the most widely distributed genus in the family Cottidae, with six species distributed in the high-latitude area of northern hemisphere. To clarify the phylogenetic relationships and to estimate the divergence times of species in the genus, 2,548 bp of the partial sequences of the 12–16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b gene were analyzed. Our results suggest the monophyletic genus, which arose in the Aleutian Archipelago, divided into a shallow-water group and a deep-water group 8.1 million years ago (Ma). G. tricuspis of the shallow-water group firstly migrated from the Pacific to the Arctic Ocean 5.0 Ma when the Bering Strait first opened. A second migration occurred in the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene after which G. pistilliger and G. intermedius diverged 3.9 Ma. Our findings are discussed within an evolutionary and zoogeographic context.     

Sperm transfer or spermatangia removal: postcopulatory behaviour of picking up spermatangium by female Japanese pygmy squid

In the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus, females often pick up the spermatangium using their mouth (buccal mass) after copulation. To examine whether the female I. paradoxus directly transfers sperm into the seminal receptacle via this picking behaviour, or removes the spermatangium, we conducted detailed observations of picking behaviour in both virgin and copulated females and compared the sperm storage conditions in the seminal receptacle between females with and without spermatangia picking after copulation in virgin females. In all observations, elongation of the buccal mass occurred within 5 min after copulation. However, sperm volume in the seminal receptacle was not related to spermatangia picking. Observations using slow-motion video revealed that females removed the spermatangia by blowing or eating after picking. These results suggest that picking behaviour is used for sperm removal but not for sperm transfer. Moreover, the frequency of buccal mass elongation was higher in copulated females than in virgin females, consistent with the sequential mate choice theory whereby virgin females secure sperm for fertilisation, while previously copulated females are more selective about their mate. Female I. paradoxus may choose its mate cryptically through postcopulatory picking behaviour.     

Modeling groundwater flow and its associated environmental problem in a lowland coastal plain: a first step towards a sustainable development plan

Groundwater is an important resource in the alluvial coastal lowland plains. In the Shiroishi lowland plain, southwestern Kyushu Island of Japan, land subsidence due to groundwater development has long been recognized as an environmental issue. Land subsidence can have several negative economic and social implications. In this study, an integrated numerical groundwater and land subsidence model, which combines a three-dimensional numerical groundwater flow model and a one-dimensional soil consolidation model, was used to simulate the dynamic groundwater flow and ground subsidence due to pumping. On the other hand, a groundwater optimization model was also formulated to search for an optimal safe yield of groundwater pumping without violating physical, environmental, social-economic constraints. The model results reveal that groundwater levels in the aquifers greatly vary from season to season in response to varying climatic and pumping conditions. Consequently, land subsidence has rapidly occurred throughout the area with the central prone in Shiroishi plain. The study also proposes a countermeasure against subsiding process in the area by means of numerical models. The optimization model result suggests that pumping can be increased in the northern part of the study area without leading to significant land subsidence.     

Environmental change and vulnerability in the Usangu plain,southwestern Tanzania: Implications for sustainable development

Natural resources are important assets for sustainability of rural livelihoods and economic development. The objectives of the study were to assess linkage of environmental change to emerging water scarcity, livelihoods insecurity and decline in wildlife biodiversity and hydropower generation in the Great Ruaha ecosystem, and to discuss policy lessons for sustainable development. Literature survey, participatory assessments, collection of records from stakeholders, participatory observations and a questionnaire survey were used. Participatory assessment found that increasing water scarcity is associated with degradation of land, vegetation cover and change in rainfall intensity and duration. Rainfall change is supported by 83% of respondents and rainfall trends analysis. About 42% of variation in cereal production is described by the rainfall amount variability. Analysis of trends for per capita cereals production from district records showed a significant (p < 0.05) decline over the years. Changes in water flows in the Great Ruaha River have been evident since 1993, and have affected wildlife diversity in the Ruaha National Park and power generation from the Kidatu hydroelectric plant downstream. Human livelihood activities, exclusiveness, weak coordination and collaboration between sectors and institutions in policy formulation and implementation have played a role. The pro-poor policy formulation through integrated planning, strong coordination and collaboration is recommended for sustainable development.     

Use of two population metrics clarifies biodiversity dynamics in large-scale monitoring: the case of trees in Japanese old-growth forests

An alkaline comet assay and a micronucleus test were carried out on erythrocytes of the European chub, Squalius cephalus L., collected in spring and autumn in 2005 and 2006 at three sampling sites in River Sava, near Zagreb, Croatia. The results of comet assay showed the lowest genotoxic influence at the least polluted site, while higher DNA damage was observed at the polluted sites. Although the basal levels of DNA damage were elevated, a clear gradation of DNA damage was found due to pollution intensity in all sampling periods. The lowest cytogenetic damage as revealed by the micronucleus test (MNT) was observed as well at the least polluted site. High variations in MN frequency were observed between sampling periods, although the number of micronucleated erythrocytes was consistently the highest one at the polluted site. The comet assay as a biomarker of genotoxic effect exhibited higher sensitivity in discriminating the genotoxic capacity of studied polluted sites while the MNT was less sensitive. However, both tests should be used together in biomonitoring studies because they can reveal different aspects of DNA damage; comet assay, the early event of genotoxic exposure, and MNT, its final result as a mutagenic potential.     

Surfactant Treatment for Efficient Gene Detection of Enteric Viruses and Indicators in Surface Water Concentrated by Ultrafiltration

Food and Environmental Virology - The hollow fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF)-based microbial concentration method is widely applied for monitoring pathogenic viruses and microbial indicators in...     

Identification of a dynamic lake model by the group method of data handling: An application to lake ontario

A revised algorithm of the group method of data handling (GMDH) is used to model and identify water quality dynamics in Lake Ontario. The state variables in the model are corrected chlorophyll a, volume-averaged over the top 20 m, and soluble reactive phosphorus in three layers, 0–20 m, 20–40 m and from 40 m to bottom. Inputs are the average quarterly temperatures for each layer and the total phosphorus loadings. Two kinds of model are developed: recursive and iterative; they are used to simulate long-term predictions for three different hypothetical rates of phosphorus loading. Results show that GMDH can be usefully employed to develop lake models with a very low expense of manpower and computer time. This exercise compares well with other large-scale modelling efforts of Lake Ontario, even if necessarily more limited in scope.     

Unique bioconcentration characteristics of new aryl fluoroalkyl ethers in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of seven new aryl fluoroalkyl ethers--four bis-4-tetrafluoroethoxyphenyl-type (bis-type) compounds and three mono-4-tetrafluoroethoxyphenyl-type (mono-type) compounds--were obtained by bioconcentration tests using common carp. The BCFs of 4 of the 7 ethers were higher than 5000, indicating their high bioconcentration potential. The bioconcentration characteristics of the bis-type compounds were different from those of the mono-type compounds and non-fluoro diphenylmethanes with a similar skeleton structure to the bis-type compounds, in taking longer to reach a plateau and having a slower elimination rate and in their distribution patterns in the fish body. The BCF of 1 bis-type compound was much higher than the value predicted by an accepted correlation equation between BCF and P(ow). In addition, the logP(ow) of the bis-type compounds calculated by commercially available computer software was remarkably different from that measured.