This article presents approaches to maximize the mechanical performance of bacterial cellulose/poly(lactic acid) composites through chemical modification of the interface. This is achieved by both cross-linking the layered bacterial cellulose structure and by grafting maleic anhydride to the matrix material. Unmodified and glyoxalized bacterial cellulose (BC) networks have been embedded in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) resin and then in maleated resin using a compression molding method. The effect of these chemical modifications on the physical properties of these composites is reported. The tensile properties of the composites showed that Young??s moduli can be increased significantly when both BC networks and PLA were chemically modified. Interface consolidation between layers in BC networks has been achieved by glyoxalization. The effect of these modifications on both stress-transfer between the fibers and between the matrix and the fibers was quantified using Raman spectroscopy. Two competitive deformation mechanisms are identified; namely the mobility between BC layers, and between BC and PLA. The coupling strength of these interfaces could play a key role for optimization of these composites?? mechanical properties. 相似文献
In this study, the development of a toxicity evaluation method for dioxins in human milk by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was reported. A total of 17 human milk samples were tested by ELISA and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to assess whether the ELISA performed on samples obtained from primiparas could be considered as reliable enough for identifying a dioxins contamination in human milk. The concept of toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQ) screening was validated by comparing TEQ values for a set of human milk samples to the ELISA responses predicted for those samples. A fairly good correlation (r=0.920) between immunoassay and GC/MS was achieved for human milk. This ELISA should be useful for biological samples monitoring. 相似文献
To better understand the detonation characteristics of ammonium nitrate (AN) and activated carbon (AC) mixtures, steel tube tests were carried out for AN/AC mixtures of various compositions and different forms of AN (powdered, prilled, phase stabilized and granular), and the detonation velocity was measured. The powdered AN/AC mixtures gave higher detonation velocities than the other AN forms. For all the AN/AC mixtures, the experimentally observed detonation velocities at each loading density were far below the theoretically predicted values calculated by the CHEETAH code based on thermohydrodynamics, exhibiting so-called non-ideal detonation. The lowest detonation velocity of powdered AN/AC mixtures was obtained as D=1.25 km/s for an AC content of 0.1 wt%. This was considered to be close to the critical condition for stable detonation. 相似文献
Ashes from sewage sludge incineration have a high phosphorus content, approximately 8% (W/W), which indicates a potential
resource of the limiting nutrient. Incineration of sewage sludge with subsequent recovery of phosphorus is a relatively new sludge
treatment technique. In this article, the leaching of phosphorus by using sulfuric acid as well as hydrochloric acid by means of several
batch experiments was presented. At the same time a selective recovery of phosphorus by adsorption was also discussed. The e ects
of acid concentration, temperature and time on extraction were studied. The phosphorus leaching increased with the increase in acid
concentration and temperature. Kinetic studies showed that the complete leaching of phosphorus took place in less than 4 h. Selective
adsorption of phosphorus by using orange waste gel provided a hint for recovery of this natural resource, which eventually could meet
the ever-increasing requirement for phosphorus. The overall results indicated that the incinerated sewage sludge ash can be treated with
acid to e ciently recover phosphorus and thus can be considered a potentially renewable source of phosphorus. 相似文献
Although mysids play important roles in marine food chains, studies on their production are scarce, especially for warm-water
species. We investigated life history and production of Orientomysis robusta in a shallow warm-temperate habitat of the Sea of Japan. Its spawning and recruitment occurred throughout the year; 19 overlapping
cohorts were recognizable over an annual cycle. The summer cohorts recruited in July–September exhibited rapid growth, early
maturity, small brood size, and small body size. A converse set of life history traits characterized the autumn–winter cohorts
recruited in October–March. The spring cohorts recruited in April–June had intermediate characteristics of both cohorts. Life
spans were 19–33, 21–48, and 69–138 days for summer, spring, and autumn–winter cohorts, respectively, and mortality rates
were high for spring and summer cohorts, especially during June–August but were low for autumn–winter cohorts. Production
calculated from the summation of growth increments was 488.8 mg DW m−2 year−1 with an annual P/B ratio of 21.26. The short life span seems to be responsible for such an extremely high P/B ratio. A method not requiring recognition and tracking cohorts gave similar values (534.0 mg DW m−2 year−1 and 20.49). The close agreement in production values between the two methods indicates our estimates are valid. 相似文献
Immunoassay methods are generally used for measuring of allergenic substances. However, they need special facilities, skilled handling, and time-consuming procedure. In this work, a fiber-optic immunoassay system which could measure allergen by fluorescent intensities of immune complexes formed by allergens and fluorescently labeled antibodies was established. Immune complexes absorbed on the optical fiber probe surface, and excitation light was injected into the probe, then evanescent field is created in the proximity of the probe. The fluorophores were excited by the evanescent light, and fluorescence was detected by a photo diode. The target allergen detected by our system was Der f1 derived from Dermatophagoides farinae that is one of the house dust mite and major source of inhaled allergens. The fluorophore used labeling on detecting antibody was cyanine 5. The system enabled to detect and quantitatively determine of Der f1. The measurement range was from 0.24 to 250?ng/ml, and the result competes with ELISA. The measurement time was 16?min/sample. The immunoassay system was applied to measurement of Der f1 from actual dust samples. Calculated values of Der f1 showed good correlations between the fiber-optic fluoroimmunoassay and ELISA. 相似文献
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Improving the solid-state digestion of food waste (FW) is important for recovering energy and utilizing the digested residue as fertilizer. Herein,... 相似文献
A doubling of the global food demand projected for the next 50 years poses a huge challenge for the sustainability of both
food production and global and local environments. Today’s agricultural technologies may be increasing productivity to meet
world food demand, but they may also be threatening agricultural ecosystems. For the global environment, agricultural systems
provide both sources and sinks of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). This paper addresses the importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) for agro-ecosystems and GHG uptake and emission in agriculture,
especially SOC changes associated with soil management. Soil management strategies have great potential to contribute to carbon
sequestration, since the carbon sink capacity of the world’s agricultural and degraded soil is 50–66% of the historic carbon
loss of 42–72 Pg (1 Pg=1015 g), although the actual carbon storage in cultivated soil may be smaller if climate changes lead to increasing mineralization.
The importance of SOC in agricultural soil is, however, not controversial, as SOC helps to sustain soil fertility and conserve
soil and water quality, and organic carbon compounds play a variety of roles in the nutrient, water, and biological cycles.
No-tillage practices, cover crop management, and manure application are recommended to enhance SOC storage and to contribute
to sustainable food production, which also improves soil quality. SOC sequestration could be increased at the expense of increasing
the amount of non-CO2 GHG emissions; however, soil testing, synchronized fertilization techniques, and optimum water control for flooding paddy
fields, among other things, can reduce these emissions. Since increasing SOC may also be able to mitigate some local environmental
problems, it will be necessary to have integrated soil management practices that are compatible with increasing SOM management
and controlling soil residual nutrients. Cover crops would be a critical tool for sustainable soil management because they
can scavenge soil residual nitrogen and their ecological functions can be utilized to establish an optimal nitrogen cycle.
In addition to developing soil management strategies for sustainable agro-ecosystems, some political and social approaches
will be needed, based on a common understanding that soil and agro-ecosystems are essential for a sustainable society. 相似文献
The first draft scenario toward net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 for the material cycles and waste management sector was presented by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan in August 2021. The details of the future GHG emission estimation used to create the draft scenario are described in this document. For multiple scenarios where more aggressive measures, such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), were included in addition to business-as-usual and the current policy continuity scenario, future GHG emissions were estimated as the sum of the products of activities and emission factors indicating changes in measures between scenarios. The estimation outcomes demonstrated that future GHG emissions from the solid waste management sector could be anticipated to be zero or even negative when material conversion to biomass, primarily for plastics, recycling to raw materials, and installation of CCUS at incineration facilities are assumed. Extensions of prior plans are not enough to reach the goal of net zero emissions, according to the measures necessary and the volume and pace of their implementation suggested in this study. Stakeholders should collaborate with great ambition.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, nanoporous anodic film was produced by anodization of niobium, Nb in a fluoride ethylene glycol electrolyte. The effect of anodization... 相似文献