改良型湿法制备活性白土清洁生产及末端治理实验研究

传统湿法制备活性白土工艺中存在水耗、酸耗大等清洁水平较低的问题,本研究提出了在生产工艺流程中循环使用硫酸酸性废液、并从循环3次的硫酸废液中回收铝盐制备无铁硫酸铝的一种改良型湿法制备活性白土工艺,对末端治理采用电石渣替代石灰作为中和剂进行了探索性实验研究。实验结果表明,改良型湿法制备活性白土工艺对活性白土产品的理化性质无明显影响,产品质量符合行业标准,且酸的利用率从20%提高到约90%,水耗减少量为原工艺的1/3,无铁硫酸铝主要参数符合相关产品技术标准(HG/T2225-2001)。用电石渣作为中和剂处理酸性废液能够实现出水水质稳定达标,处理成本从255万元降低至210万元。本研究的实施使得活性白土的生产工艺清洁生产水平有较大提高。     

填料塔中Na2CO3吸收高浓度H2S的传质特性

在填料吸收塔中考察了Na2CO3溶液吸收高浓度H2S气体的气液传质特性。通过测量填料塔进出口气体中H2S浓度计算了Na2CO3溶液吸收高浓度H2S气体的总体积传质系数（KGa）,并研究了进气流速、吸收液流量、吸收温度和吸收液浓度对KGa的影响。结果表明,KGa随Na2CO3浓度、吸收液流量的增加而增加,随吸收温度、进气流速的升高而降低;在高浓度H2S吸收过程中液相传质阻力不能忽略。     

正渗透复合膜的制备及表征

通过在聚砜铸膜液中加入混合添加剂氯化锂和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),用相转移法制备出多孔支撑层,然后通过界面聚合制备聚酰胺正渗透复合膜,重点研究了添加剂和聚砜浓度对膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明,氯化锂使得膜支撑层指状孔更加均一,提高孔隙率,并降低海绵层的厚度,提高了水通量;PVP增强了膜的亲水性,并易于成膜,在保持截盐率的同时提高了水通量;随着聚砜浓度增大,支撑层孔隙率变小,海绵状孔层变厚,生成的聚酰胺层更加致密,加重过程内浓差极化,水通量降低。采用质量分数为9%聚砜同时添加氯化锂和PVP的膜支撑层结构均一,孔隙率较大(68.0%),表面亲水性较强(接触角48.5°),优于2种商用三醋酸纤维素正渗透膜的孔隙率(32.6%和25.4%)和接触角(76.5°和73.5°);在正渗透过程中的自制膜水通量为21.9 L/(m2·h),均高于2种商用三醋酸纤维素正渗透膜(9.5和14.4 L/(m2·h))和文献报道的正渗透复合膜通量水平,并维持了一定的截盐率(盐通量为19.9 g/(m2·h)),表现出优异的正渗透性能。     

The application of zero-water discharge system in treating diffuse village wastewater and its benefits in community afforestation

The proposed on-site zero-water discharge system was comprised of four main components: anaerobic tank, aerobic bioreactor, activated soil filter and water-collecting well. The results demonstrate that at 350 m³ day⁻¹ of hydraulic load, the system can effectively remove pollutants from the wastewater, e.g., 86% removal of COD; 87% removal of SS; 80% removal of TP and 71% removal of TN. The growth states of the grasses, macrophytes and arbors in the activated soil filter were better than the control. The life of the activated soil filter was estimated to be ∼12-15 yrs, based on the laboratory microcosm studies. However, humic acid contents and soil porosity have suggested that the activated soil filter was able to regenerate itself and thereby prolonging its life by reducing clogging of the pores. The results suggest that the zero-water discharge system was a promising bio-measure in treating diffuse village wastewater and benefiting community afforestation.     

冬季沈阳市典型源排放PM_(10)浓度分布模拟分析

选取沈阳市7个典型的大气污染源2006年12月~2007年2月的PM10排放浓度资料,利用CALPUFF对PM10浓度月平均分布做模拟分析。模拟结果分析表明:冬季月平均PM10浓度分布的范围与风场、地形有直接的关系。地势平坦、风速大时,污染物扩散范围大,污染物浓度小;地势不平、风速小时,污染物扩散范围小,污染物浓度大。1月份是沈阳市冬季月平均大气污染最严重的月份,污染物分布主要集中在市区的北部、东部和南部地区,东部地区大气污染最为严重。     

利用紫露草微核技术监测滇池水质污染

以蒸馏水和自来水处理作阴性对照,以不同浓度的ＮａＮ３,ＨｇＣｌ２处理作阳性对照,用紫露同核监测法对滇池１１个样点的水样进行了监测评价;结果表明：滇池１１个样点的水样均使使紫露草四分体微核率增加;紫露草微核监测与化学监测结果是基本一致的;将１１个样点的水质污染分为三种程度,重污染,中污染和轻污染。     

Evaluating Phosphorus Loss for Watershed Management: Integrating a Weighting Scheme of Watershed Heterogeneity into Export Coefficient Model

The identification of critical source areas (CSAs) and critical source periods (CSPs) are essential prerequisites for cost-effective practices of non-point source (NPS) pollution control. A simple empirical tool combining Export Coefficient Model (ECM) and a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based weighting scheme of watershed heterogeneity was proposed to estimate annual and monthly phosphorus loss, to identify critical source areas and periods, and to assess pollution control practices. The GIS-based weighting scheme was developed to represent the transport potential of runoff to move phosphorus from the land surfaces to waters, as a supplement to the source-based ECM. The empirical tool was applied to the Dianchi Lake watershed of China. The results showed that the total phosphorus loss from NPS in 2008 was 352.3 tons. The agricultural land was recognized as the largest and the most spatially various source type. The lakeside plain and the terraces of the watershed were identified as CSAs, which generated more than 90 % of non-point phosphorus. The early part of wet season (from May to August) was the CSPs, when about 70 % of non-point phosphorus was lost. The reduction of phosphorus fertilizers and the vegetated buffer strips (VBS) were effective in controlling phosphorus loss from NPS in the watershed. A reduction of 20 % in phosphorus fertilizer application combined with the set-up of VBS in both riparian area of the main watercourses and the lakeside areas would decrease 25 % of phosphorus loss.     

阻-共复合消声器在风井噪声控制中的应用研究

煤矿风机叶片直径大,转速较低,风量大,所以排风口的噪声峰值的频率也相对较低,治理难度大.目前,国内在此类工程中多采用阻性消声塔或者分段设计阻性(多为片式)-抗性(多为扩张室)消声器来治理风井噪声,而结果往往不理想.为了探讨研究阻-共复合消声器在煤矿风井噪声控制中的应用,结合工程实例,设计了一种新型消声器,技术先进,设计简单且实际可行,费用低,有较高的实用价值.     

Soil bacteria around a derelict tailings pile with different metal pollution gradients: community composition,metal tolerance and influencing factors

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Bacteria play a vital role in ecological processes of soil contaminated by heavy metals. Here, soil sampling was carried out around a tailings pile...