高填方多级挡墙路堤变形及稳定性分析

针对高填方路堤回填料分层碾压施工中呈现出超固结、剪胀和时间相依等复杂变形特征,以高填方多级挡墙路堤为例,通过现场勘查、室内试验以及变形监测获得回填土石料的力学性质,分别采用摩尔库仑、修正剑桥以及基于下负荷面的弹粘塑性二次开发本构模型,逐步表征路堤回填料的超固结、剪胀以及时间相依变形行为,并结合单元试验以及现场沉降监测数据反演综合确定三种本构模型材料,对比分析三种本构模型模拟高填方路堤施工及工后变形的差异,最后利用有限元强度折减法分析该高填方多级挡墙路堤的稳定性。计算结果表明:在路堤填筑初期(21 d),基于下负荷面的弹粘塑性模型和修正剑桥模型相比摩尔库仑模型考虑了先期固结应力,计算沉降量结果稍小;随着施工填筑的进行(100 d),一旦超过先期固结应力后,三种模型的沉降量变化逐渐接近;随着时间的增长,仅基于下负荷面的弹粘塑性模型能计算路堤的长期沉降,预测该路堤顶10 a工后沉降17 cm,满足工后沉降要求;同时发现路堤水平侧移呈“S”型内倾的变化特点,且通过有限元法强度折减计算得到边坡稳定性最小安全系数和最危险滑动面,均满足边坡稳定性要求,路堤边坡的失稳预警位移为4.6 cm。     

强夯地基处理工艺在换流站场平施工中的应用

针对西北部分地区地表层粉砂分布不均、砂岩不易破碎、块石回填方量大、回填厚度深等问题,考虑特高压换流站工程地基处理的适用性及其成效、工期、造价等多方面因素,提出强夯地基处理方案。应用结果表明:该方法具有快速提高填土密实程度,加速填土前期固结,提高填土的物理力学性能,减少填土的后期沉降和建(构)筑物及地面设备基础的沉降等优点,可广泛应用于西北地区特高压换流站及其他大面积土石方开挖、回填及地基处理施工工程。     

医疗垃圾焚烧处理控制系统的设计与实现

医疗垃圾已成为威胁人类生活的超级杀手,因此对医疗垃圾的处理至关重要。针对新疆某医疗焚烧处理场,介绍了热解焚烧工艺,此工艺应用了西门子S7-300系列PLC为核心的自动控制系统,系统中将MM440变频器和S7-300PLC的组合应用,并且实现了两者通过Profibus-DP的通讯。实践证明:该系统结构简明,运行可靠,便于在其他场合进行推广和应用。     

质粒pJP4水平转移介导生物膜系统强化降解2,4-D效应

以携带质粒pJP4[其上含编码2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D)降解功能的基因簇(tfd)]的基因工程菌Pseudomonas putida SM1443::gfp2x(pJP4::dsRed)为供体菌,以生物膜系统为对象,通过半连续流实验研究了质粒pJP4水平转移介导基因强化降解2,4-D效应,考察了目标基因在系统中存在状况及基因强化对系统菌群结构的影响.结果表明,以2,4-D(初始浓度为170 mg/L±10 mg/L)为唯一碳源,向生物膜系统加入携pJP4质粒的基因工程菌对2,4-D的降解具有促进作用,运行初期,促进作用较弱,随着半连续流反应的进行,促进作用显著增强,基因强化系统较对照系统对2,4-D的平均降解速率之差达13.3 mg/(L.h).通过对基因强化系统功能基因片段tfdB基因及报告基因gfp的跟踪检测,证实了在pJP4质粒介导下生物膜系统基因水平转移的发生.PCR-DGGE结果表明基因强化的生物膜系统较对照系统在受到2,4-D冲击条件下保持了相对更加稳定的菌群结构.     

鸡粪腐解过程中不同溶性腐殖质结合铜的变化

以鸡粪为材料,添加不同比例的铜锌进行腐解试验,研究了腐解过程中不同溶性腐殖质结合态铜(水溶性、氢氧化钠溶性、氢氧化钠-焦磷酸钠混合液溶性)浓度的动态变化、受锌含量的影响及其与有效铜的关系.结果表明,粪肥原样H2O-Cu(水溶性腐殖质结合态铜)占其全铜量的10.97%,在腐解过程中先上升后下降;随着粪肥中添加铜量的增加(1:1、2:1、3:1处理),H2O-Cu占其全铜的比例相应减少了(平均分别占其全铜的比例的7.10%、5.18%和3.74%);H2O-Cu随着腐解时间延长呈增加趋势;在腐解的后期(45、60d),粪肥中锌含量的增加会降低H2O-Cu含量.腐解初期粪肥原样NaOH浸提腐殖质-铜(NaOH-Cu)占其全铜量的70.87%,随腐解进行其比例大幅度下降;NaOH-Cu占其全铜的比例随着加入铜的增大而有所下降,分别为55.59%、46.04%和38.08%,且随着腐解时间延长呈下降趋势;粪肥中锌含量的增加对NaOH-Cu含量变化影响较小.粪肥原样中NaOH-Na4P2O7提取腐殖质结合态铜(NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu)占其全铜量的24.29%,随腐解过程呈增加趋势,NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu量随着加入铜量的增加而增加,占其全铜比例的15%～25%;粪肥中锌含量增加对NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu有促进作用.粪肥添加铜锌后,3种浸提剂提取的可溶性腐殖质结合态铜有55%～80%分配在NaOH的溶液中,10%～30%分配在NaOH-Na4P2O7碱性混合液中,0～10%在水溶液中;随加入铜含量和锌含量的增加,NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu平均分配比(占3种町浸提性腐殖质-Cu的比例)增加,NaOH-Cu和H2O-Cu的分配比减少.相关性分析结果表明:H2O-Cu、NaOH-Cu和NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu之间显著正相关,它们与有效铜之间呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01).     

臭氧及催化臭氧化降解2,4-滴丙酸动力学研究

对臭氧及催化臭氧氧化降解2,4-滴丙酸(DCPP)的效率进行了研究,并利用竞争动力学法算得了DCPP与臭氧及羟基自由基的反应速率常数,参比有机物为硝基苯(NB).结果表明,DCPP与臭氧的反应速率常数K-DCPP为(0.733±0.163)L·mol-1·s-1,与羟基自由基的kOH-DCPP为2.367×109L·mol-1·s-1.在单独臭氧和Mn(Ⅱ)催化臭氧化降解DCPP过程中,基于上述结果计算所得的速率常数与实际所测的表观反应速率常数具有较好的吻合度.以上结果对臭氧化处理含DCPP废水具有很好的理论指导意义.     

Excretion of manure-borne estrogens and androgens and their potential risk estimation in the Yangtze River Basin

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, and the river basin spans one fifth of the area of the whole country. Based on statistical data, the excretion of manure-borne steroid hormones, including steroid estrogens(SEs) and steroid androgens(SAs), in 10 provinces of China within the region has been estimated. The potential environmental and ecological risk of manure-borne steroid estrogens to the surface water in this region was also assessed. The manure-borne SE and SA excretions in the 10 provinces and municipalities vary in the order: Sichuan Hunan Hubei Yunnan Jiangsu Anhui Jiangxi Chongqing Qinghai Shanghai. The highest increase of manure-borne SEs(1434.3 kg)and SAs(408.5 kg) was found in Hunan and Hubei provinces, respectively, and the total excretion in 2013 was 65% more than 15 years earlier in these two provinces. However, the emissions in Anhui and Shanghai decreased in this 15 year period of time. Swine urine,chicken feces, cattle urine, and laying hen feces were considered the dominant sources of manure-borne E1, βE2, αE2, and SAs, respectively. Although Jiangsu province did not have the largest excretion of manure-borne SEs, it had the highest level of predicted17β-estradiol equivalency(EEQs) value of 16.65 ng/L in surface water because of the limited surface water resources. According to the lowest observable effect level of 10 ng/L for17β-estradiol, the manure-borne SEs in Jiangsu province might potentially pose ecological risk to its wild aquatic organisms.     

重点污染行业实施环境管理体系绩效评价指标体系构建及应用

本文针对重点污染行业特点,从能资源消耗、综合利用、环境污染和社会反响四个方面构建了重点污染行业实施环境管理体系绩效评价指标体系,并以化工行业为研究对象,评估了14家企业体系实施前与实施后的绩效。结果表明,实施环境管理体系,有利于提高企业环境效益。     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

Insights into reactive oxygen species formation induced by water-soluble organic compounds and transition metals using spectroscopic method

Ambient particulate matter (PM) can cause adverse health effects via their ability to produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Water-Soluble Organic Compounds (WSOCs), a complex mixture of organic compounds which usually coexist with Transition Metals (TMs) in PM, have been found to contribute to ROS formation. However, the interaction between WSOCs and TMs and its effect on ROS generation are still unknown. In this study, we examined the ROS concentrations of V, Zn, Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA), Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) and the mixtures of V/Zn and SRFA/SRHA by using a cell-free 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) assay. The results showed that V or Zn synergistically promoted ROS generated by SRFA, but had an antagonistic effect on ROS generated by SRHA. Fluorescence quenching experiments indicated that V and Zn were more prone to form stable complexes with aromatic humic acid-like component (C1) and fulvic acid-like component (C3) in SRFA and SRHA. Results suggested that the underlying mechanism involving the fulvic acid-like component in SRFA more tending to complex with TMs to facilitate ROS generation through π electron transfer. Our work showed that the complexing ability and complexing stability of atmospheric PM organics with metals could significantly affect ROS generation. It is recommended that the research deploying multiple analytical methods to quantify the impact of PM components on public health and environment is needed in the future.