鸡粪腐解过程中不同溶性腐殖质结合铜的变化

以鸡粪为材料,添加不同比例的铜锌进行腐解试验,研究了腐解过程中不同溶性腐殖质结合态铜(水溶性、氢氧化钠溶性、氢氧化钠-焦磷酸钠混合液溶性)浓度的动态变化、受锌含量的影响及其与有效铜的关系.结果表明,粪肥原样H2O-Cu(水溶性腐殖质结合态铜)占其全铜量的10.97%,在腐解过程中先上升后下降;随着粪肥中添加铜量的增加(1:1、2:1、3:1处理),H2O-Cu占其全铜的比例相应减少了(平均分别占其全铜的比例的7.10%、5.18%和3.74%);H2O-Cu随着腐解时间延长呈增加趋势;在腐解的后期(45、60d),粪肥中锌含量的增加会降低H2O-Cu含量.腐解初期粪肥原样NaOH浸提腐殖质-铜(NaOH-Cu)占其全铜量的70.87%,随腐解进行其比例大幅度下降;NaOH-Cu占其全铜的比例随着加入铜的增大而有所下降,分别为55.59%、46.04%和38.08%,且随着腐解时间延长呈下降趋势;粪肥中锌含量的增加对NaOH-Cu含量变化影响较小.粪肥原样中NaOH-Na4P2O7提取腐殖质结合态铜(NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu)占其全铜量的24.29%,随腐解过程呈增加趋势,NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu量随着加入铜量的增加而增加,占其全铜比例的15%～25%;粪肥中锌含量增加对NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu有促进作用.粪肥添加铜锌后,3种浸提剂提取的可溶性腐殖质结合态铜有55%～80%分配在NaOH的溶液中,10%～30%分配在NaOH-Na4P2O7碱性混合液中,0～10%在水溶液中;随加入铜含量和锌含量的增加,NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu平均分配比(占3种町浸提性腐殖质-Cu的比例)增加,NaOH-Cu和H2O-Cu的分配比减少.相关性分析结果表明:H2O-Cu、NaOH-Cu和NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu之间显著正相关,它们与有效铜之间呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01).     

固定化栅藻对污水的净化及其生理特征的变化

将斜生栅藻包埋固定在褐藻酸钙凝胶胶珠中。对人工配制的污水进行净化,研究其对污水中氨氮和正磷酸盐的净化效率以及净化过程中藻类的生长,叶绿素α含量、光合强度和过氧化物酶活性的变化。并与未固定的斜生栅藻（悬浮藻）进行对照比较,结果表明,由于固定化提高了斜生栅藻的合成代谢生理活性,延迟衰老,对污水中氨氮和正磷酸盐的净化效率明显提高     

海州湾海洋牧场浮游植物群落结构特征及其与水质参数的关系

为了解海州湾海洋牧场海域浮游植物群落特征,于2013年进行了春(5月)、夏(8月)、秋(10月)3个航次的调查,共鉴定出浮游植物115种,其中,硅藻门种类最多,共97种,占总种数的84.3%,甲藻门次之,共16种,占总种数的13.9%,蓝藻门1种,绿藻门1种.人工鱼礁区各个季节的浮游植物丰度都显著大于对照区(p0.05),而种类数无显著差异(p0.05).人工鱼礁区和对照区的辛普森多样性指数D和香农-威纳指数均在秋季最大,夏季最小,而均匀度J为春季最大,夏季最小.海州湾海洋牧场浮游植物种类数秋季达到36种,丰度在秋季也达到最高为19.68×104cells·m-3,方差分析和聚类分析结果表明,浮游植物群落组成存在显著季节差异(p0.05).应用Canoco5.0软件对获得的浮游植物数据和环境因子数据进行典范对应分析,结果表明,TN、Si O2-3-Si和TP是影响浮游植物群落分布的重要环境因子,其次BOD5和NH+4-N也对浮游植物分布有较大影响.     

东莞市城区地下空间空气质量状况探析研究

文章抽样调查了东莞市城区16处地下空间的空气质量状况,结果表明,地下通道、地下商业设施、公建类和住宅类地下停车场这四类地下空间的气态污染物CO、甲醛、O3、SO2的浓度日均值分别为0.385 mg/mN3、0.055 mg/mN3、0.046 mg/mN3和0.035 mg/mN3;其中,甲醛、O3平均污染指数明显高于CO、SO2,地下通道及地下商业设施的甲醛浓度接近标准值,地下通道部分时段点位出现了超标现象。     

焦化废水回用作循环冷却水的腐蚀特性

采用静态旋转挂片法研究了焦化废水回用作循环冷却水的可行性,主要对焦化废水生化处理出水和焦化废水深度处理出水的腐蚀特性进行考察.结果表明,焦化废水生化处理出水腐蚀速率较小,仅为0.025 573 mm/a,远远低于《水处理剂缓蚀性能的测定 旋转挂片法》(GB/T18175—2000)标准值(≤0.125 mm/a),挂片表面腐蚀轻微,仅有几个点蚀,不需深度处理即可回用作循环冷却水.通过UV-Vis,FTIR及GC/MS分析可知,焦化废水生化处理出水中含有C—O,CO等极性官能团及非极性基团,与目前常用有机缓蚀剂结构相似,在回用作循环冷却水的过程中可能起到缓蚀剂的作用.      

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

新疆老山口金矿岩浆隐爆角砾岩地质地球化学

新疆东准噶尔老山口金矿区发育有与金矿化密切有关的次火山闪长玢岩及与之密切伴生的闪长玢岩质隐爆角砾岩和闪斜煌斑岩质隐爆角砾岩 ,它们是在陆相火山作用下由同源岩浆分异演化而形成的产物。角砾岩具有浅成—超浅成环境及热塑、高压释放状态下的成岩特征。角砾岩的角砾、胶结物和次火山岩三者的岩石类型、岩相学特征和地球化学特征基本一致 ,具有稀土总量较低 ,轻稀土相对富集 ,重稀土相对亏损 ,铕异常不明显 ,大离子亲石元素相对富集 ,高场强元素相对亏损等特征。结合其构造背景、地质产状、岩石学和地球化学特征分析 ,这套岩石来源于受俯冲洋壳释放富含大离子亲石元素或强不相容元素流体交代过的亏损地幔楔。     

我国主要蔬菜和粮油作物的砷含量与砷富集能力比较

根据国内外文献报道,对蔬菜和粮油作物中砷的累积特点和富集能力进行总结和分析.结果表明.清洁区和污染区蔬菜的砷含量变幅分别为0.001-1.07 mg·kg-1和0.001-8.51 mg·kg-1(鲜重),均值分别为0.035 mg·kg-1和0.068 mg·kg-1不同种类蔬菜的砷含量由大到小,依次为:叶菜类>根茎类>茄果类>鲜豆类;清洁区和污染区粮油作物的砷含量变幅分别为0.001-2.20 mg·kg-1和0.007-6.83 mg·kg-1(干重),均值分别为0.081 mg·kg-1和0.294 mg·kg-1,其中水稻的砷含量显著高于小麦和玉米.从富集系数来看,叶莱类蔬菜的砷富集系数最高,芹菜、蕹菜、茼蒿、芥菜等蔬菜的抗砷污染能力较弱.粮食作物玉米的抗砷污染能力较强.与蔬菜砷限量标准(GB4810-1994)相比,我国砷污染区的蔬菜中有32.2%的样本砷含量超标,其中叶菜类和根茎类的超标率分别为47.9%和12.8%.与粮食砷限量标准(GB4810-1994)比较,我国污染区粮油作物的样本砷超标率为34.8%,其中水稻的超标率高达42.9%.玉米和小麦的超标率均高于20%.     

Optimum conditions for the formation of Al13 polymer and active chlorine in electrolysis process with Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anodes

A polyaluminum containing a high concentration of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine (PACC) was successfully synthesized by a new electrochemical reactor using Ti/RuO₂-TiO₂ anodes. PACC can potentially be used as a dual-function chemical reagent for water treatment. The obtained results indicated that the formation of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine, were the most active components in PACC responsible for coagulation and disinfection respectively. These components were significantly influenced by electrolyte temperature, current density, and stirring rate. It was observed that high electrolyte temperature favored the formation of Al₁₃. Increasing current density and stirring rate resulted in high current efficiency of chlorine evolution, thus favoring the generation of Al₁₃ and active chlorine in PACC. When the PACC (Al_T = 0.5 mol/L, basicity = 2.3) was prepared at the optimum conditions by electrolysis process, the Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine in product reached above 70% of Al_T and 4000 mg/L, respectively. In the pilot scale experiment with raw polyaluminum chloride used as an electrolyte, PACC was successfully prepared and produced a high content of Al₁₃ and active chlorine products. The pilot scale experiment demonstrated a potential industrial approach of PACC preparation.     

城市回用水中多环芳烃致癌风险评价

为评价人群暴露于城市回用水中16种多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)对于人体健康的潜在风险,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用的分析化学方法对不同季节回用水中16种PAHs进行定量分析;在此基础上采用美国国家科学院和国家研究委员会提出的环境健康风险评价方法,分析不同回用条件下具有中国水体基质特色的城市回用水中PAHs健康风险.结果显示,回用水样中16种PAHs的总浓度为1 422.85 ng·L-1,污水处理厂二级出水水样16种PAHs的总浓度为1 791.77 ng ·L-1,经过处理后回用水中PAHs含量有所降低.风险评价分析结果显示,回用水在城市绿化、农业灌溉和景观娱乐3种不同回用途径下多环芳烃的致癌风险分别为788×10-8、2.77×10-6、3.04×10-6,总致癌风险为5.89×10-6.以上结果可以得出,回用水在城市绿化、农田灌溉和景观娱乐接触过程中多环芳烃所增加的致癌风险很低,回用水中多环芳烃的健康风险处于可接受水平.