石油化工企业HSE信息化趋势研究

介绍了国内外石油化工企业HSE信息化发展现状,对石油化工企业HSE信息化发展趋势进行了展望.     

生态系统健康及其评价指标和方法

生态系统健康是一门研究人类活动、社会经济组织、自然系统和人类健康的跨学科综合性学科。如果一个生态系统是稳定、持续和活跃的,能够维持其组织结构,受到干扰后能够在一段时间内自动恢复过来的话,则这个生态系统是健康和不受胁迫综合症影响的。生态系统健康的基本原理有动态性原理、层次性原理、创造性原理、相关性原理和脆弱积累性原理等5个原理。论文提出了包括活力、组织和恢复力在内的生态系统健康的8个评价指标,具体地介绍了生态系统健康的活力、组织结构和恢复力的评价方法。目前生态系统健康研究还处在发展的初始阶段,也存在不少的问题,在进一步发展生态系统健康理论的同时,需要依靠遥感和GIS等技术来对它进行定量化研究,以促进生态系统健康的发展。     

雅砻江下游梯级水电开发生态环境影响的经济损益评价

生态环境影响经济损益分析在统一量纲下,实现工程对环境影响的综合评价,可为工程决策提供依据。根据雅砻江水电开发对生态环境的影响,在建立评价指标体系的基础上,评价了雅砻江下游梯级水电开发生态环境影响的经济损益。结果表明：雅砻江下游梯级水电开发所带来的直接环境效益包括水产养殖、旅游、调蓄洪水和调节小气候,价值为7.52×10⁸元/a;能源替代的间接环境效益为36.50×10⁸元/a;生态环境成本包括水库蓄水后淹没土地资源造成的经济损失、水库温室气体排放、移民搬迁及环境保护费用等,其总成本为3.72×10⁸元/a。水电开发生态环境影响的评价技术与方法尚未成熟,评价内容的完整性和评价结果的准确性也因此受到一定程度影响,本研究的初步探索可为综合决策提供参考。     

Effects of calcined aluminum salts on the advanced dewatering and solidification/stabilization of sewage sludge

The high moisture content (80%) in the sewage dewatered sludge is the main obstacle to disposal and recycling. A chemical dewatering and stabilization/solidification (S/S) alternative for the sludge was developed, using calcined aluminum salts (AS) as solidifier, and CaCl2, Na2SO4 and CaSO4 as accelerators, to enhance the mechanical compressibility making the landfill operation possible. The properties of the resultant matrixes were determined in terms of moisture contents, unconfined compressive strength, products of hydration, and toxicity characteristics. The results showed that AS exhibited a moderate pozzolanic activity, and the mortar AS0 obtained with 5% AS and 10% CaSO4 of AS by weight presented a moisture contents below 50%–60% and a compressive strength of (51.32 ± 2.9) kPa after 5–7 days of curing time, meeting the minimum requirement for sanitary landfill. The use of CaSO4 obviously improved the S/S performance, causing higher strength level. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetrydifferential scanning calorimetry investigations revealed that a large amount of hydrates (viz., gismondine and CaCO3) were present in solidified sludge, leading to the depletion of evaporable water and the enhancement of the strength. In addition, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and horizontal vibration (HJ 557-2009) leaching test were conducted to evaluate their environmental compatibility. It was found that the solidified products conformed to the toxicity characteristic criteria in China and could be safely disposed of in a sanitary landfill.     

青岛市大气PM2.5元素组成及来源研究

利用2007年5月～2008年5月气溶胶观测资料和逐日天气资料,分析了青岛市2.5μm气溶胶粒子(PM2.5)浓度特征、元素组成和来源.结果表明,青岛市PM2.5和PM10年均浓度分别为86.6μg.m-3和120μg.m-3.PM2.5浓度采暖季高于非采暖季,夏季最低.PM2.5浓度在荒漠和人为共同影响下的气团中最高,在海洋影响气团中最低.PM2.5和PM10的主要组成元素是S、Ca、Cl、K和Fe,主要污染元素集中在PM2.5中;PM2.5中Cl、K、Zn、Br和Pb浓度采暖季较大,夏季较小,Ca元素变化趋势则相反.V、Cr、Cu、As、Se、Sr和Zr的浓度受不同来源气团影响不显著,S、Cl、K、Ti、Mn、Fe、Zn、Br、Pb和Ca的浓度在不同来源气团下存在较大差异.降水对S、K、Pb和Fe质量浓度的影响最为明显.富集因子分析表明,所有元素在PM2.5中的富集因子普遍大于PM10,青岛市非地壳来源的元素在PM2.5中所占比例大于PM10.Ca元素富集因子夏季较大,可能受到建筑尘影响.     

Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by different vegetables

It is an important approach to use the Cd-contaminated soils properly by growing low accumulator or excluder plants for Cd to produce safe foods. To find the suitable vegetable species for growing in Cd-contaminated soils, in the present study the variations in the Cd accumulation for twenty eight vegetable species and several cultivars of five common vegetables (cowpea, kidney pea, bitter gourd, cucumber and squash) were investigated in two soil Cd levels (1 and 2 mg/kg Cd). Experimental results showed that highly significant differences in Cd concentration were evident among 28 vegetables. For example, spinach Cd concentrations were 110-fold and 175-fold higher than that of sweet pea under the 1 and 2 mg/kg Cd exposures, respectively. For Cd accumulation, the order of vegetable species was: leafy vegetables solanaceous vegetables kale vegetables root vegetables allimus melon vegetables legumes. Distinctive differences were also identified when comparing different cultivars of the five common vegetables with an average range of 0.003–0.094 mg/kg Cd. Our results indicated that a large genotypic variation existed among vegetable species or cultivars when subjected to Cd exposure. Therefore, it is important and feasible to elect/breed vegetable species/cultivars with low accumulation of Cd, especially in mildly Cd-contaminated soils.     

光催化技术在功能性空气过滤材料中的应用研究

针对目前气态污染物和气溶胶态污染物对人们生活健康产生的巨大危害,论述了目前国内外光催化技术在功能性空气过滤材料中的研究,阐述了光催化技术和纤维过滤技术的基本原理,并对光催化剂在纤维上的负载和应用做了详细介绍,最后提出了该领域可能的发展方向。     

南极法尔兹半岛植被土壤CH_4通量特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极法尔兹半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤CH4 排放通量 ,并估算了该半岛植被土壤在夏季 2个月内CH4 的排放总量 .结果表明 :在晴好天气条件下 ,苔藓土壤CH4 排放通量可能呈现双峰型变化特征 ;而在雨、雪等复杂多变的天气条件下 ,CH4 通量变化无规则 ,存在较大的时空变化 ,且与温度的响应关系不明显 ;苔藓土壤CH4 通量夏季变化的主要影响因子是温度 ,同时还受降水的影响 .苔藓土壤吸收CH4 总量为 0 6 6 5 3× 10 2 kg ;地衣土壤吸收CH4 总量为 0 76 0 3×10 2 kg .由此可见 ,该半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤起着大气CH4 汇的作用     

金川泥炭中发现硅藻

在湖泊沉积物实验方法基础上 ,初步建立了泥炭中硅藻的提取方法 ,并利用扫描电镜在金川泥炭中首次发现了硅藻 ,根据其形貌特征确定了科属 ,发现研究区硅藻以生活在浅淡水中的舟形藻科为主 ,该类硅藻可能具有一定的季节意义。     

颗粒轨道模型用于烟气脱硫喷淋塔两相流数值模拟

以FLUENT软件为计算工具,采用Euler-Lagrange方法模拟喷淋塔内部气液两相流动.气相用标准k-ε湍流模型描述,喷淋液滴用颗粒轨道模型描述.综合考虑颗粒受力分析、颗粒湍流扩散以及气液两相耦合3方面影响因素对颗粒轨道模型进行设置,从液滴粒径分布、液滴出口速度、喷淋夹角3个方面对喷嘴射流源进行精确定义.模拟结果表明:喷淋塔内轴向气速分布均匀;中空锥形的喷嘴设计使喷淋液形成伞状雨帘,有效防止烟气短流;塔内液滴浓度分布存在中间高、边缘低的问题,可通过改进喷嘴布置方案加以改进;颗粒轨道模型能够较好地预测喷淋塔内两相流动.