城市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估初探

城市森林为城市生态系统提供了多方面的服务功能。本文以大连市为例,对城市森林净化环境、涵养水源、固碳释氧、保护土壤等生态服务功能进行评估计算,并分析城市森林系统生态服务功能总价值的构成。     

农业废弃物静态高温堆肥过程中纤维素酶活性的变化

在静态通气条件下,以养殖场鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪为材料,小麦秸秆作为调节物质.研究了堆肥过程中纤维素酶活性变化特性及其与堆肥温度的关系,旨在为农业废弃物资源化利用提供科学依据.结果表明:添加微生物菌剂后堆体升温迅速.堆肥1-2d后进入高温期,且高温腐解持续16-20d;对照处理在堆肥4-5d后进入高温期,持续时间仅为7-8d;整个堆肥过程中加菌剂处理的堆体温度高于对照.加菌剂处理在堆肥10-12d时纤维索酶活性达最高,依次为牛粪(0.642 mg·g-1·d-1)>鸡粪(0.457 mg·g-1·d-1)>猪粪(0.380 mg·g-1·d-1);对照处理推迟2d达纤维素酶活性高峰,且酶活性高峰值低于同等物料的加菌剂处理,依次为牛粪(0.491 mg·g-1·d-1)>猪粪(0.335 mg·g-1·d-1)>鸡粪(0.258 mg·g-1·d-1),整个堆肥过程中加菌剂处理平均纤维紊酶活性较对照提高了33.17%(牛粪)、20.17%(鸡粪)和12.4%(猪粪).堆肥初期堆肥温度过高不利于微生物的活动,纤维素酶活性在堆肥开始的3-4d低于初始水平.而后迅速上升.当堆肥温度等于或者低于60℃后,纤维素酶活性与有机物料温度变化间有显著正效应,对照处理两者间为线性关系,加菌剂处理两者间呈显著指数递增关系.     

Combined remediation of DDT congeners and cadmium in soil by Sphingobacterium sp. D-6 and Sedum alfredii Hance

Combined pollution of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils is of great concern because they present serious risk to food security and human health.In order to develop a cost-effective and safe method for the removal of DDTs and Cd in soil,combined remediation of DDTs and Cd in soil by Sphingobacterium sp.D-6 and the hyperaccumulator,Sedum alfredii Hance was investigated.After treatment for 210 days,the degradation half-lives of DDTs in soils treated by strain D-6 decreased by 8.1% to 68.0% compared with those in the controls.The inoculation of strain D-6 into soil decreased the uptake of DDTs by pak choi and S.alfredii.The shoots/roots ratios of S.alfredii for the Cd accumulation ranged from 12.32 to 21.75.The Cd concentration in soil decreased to 65.8%-71.8% for S.alfredii treatment and 14.1%-58.2% for S.alfredii and strain D-6 combined treatment,respectively,compared with that in the control.The population size of the DDTs-degrading strain,Simpson index (1/D) and soil respiratory rate decreased in the early stage of treatment and then gradually increased,ultimately recovering to or exceeding the initial level.The results indicated that synchronous incorporation of strain D-6 and S.alfredii into soil was found to significantly (p 0.05) enhance the degradation of DDTs in soil and the hyperaccumulation of Cd in S.alfredii.It was concluded that strain D-6 and S.alfredii could be used successfully to control DDTs and Cd in contaminated soil.     

硝基芳香化合物的微生物降解研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难降解有机污染物之一,由于其用途广泛,对环境的污染日趋严重,利用生物降解硝基芳香化合物是行之有效的方法。文章针对硝基芳香化合物生物降解过程,汇总了用于降解的微生物资源,并对硝基芳香化合物生物代谢途径、降解过程中的主要酶、降解性质粒、基因定位等分子遗传学的研究进展进行了综述。     

Effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment on residual aluminum control in high humic acid water purification

Due to the formation of disinfection by-products and high concentrations of Al residue in drinking water purification, humic substances are a major component of organic matter in natural waters and have therefore received a great deal of attention in recent years. We investigated the effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment methods usually applied for removing dissolved organic matters on residual Al control. Results showed that the presence of humic acid increased residual Al concentration notably. With 15 mg/L of humic acid in raw water, the concentrations of soluble aluminum and total aluminum in the treated water were close to the quantity of Al addition. After increasing coagulant dosage from 12 to 120 mg/L, the total-Al in the treated water was controlled to below 0.2 mg/L. Purification systems with ozonation, chlorination, or potassium permanganate oxidation pretreatment units had little effects on residual Al control; while UV radiation decreased Al concentration notably. Combined with ozonation, the effects of UV radiation were enhanced. Optimal dosages were 0.5 mg O3/mg C and 3 hr for raw water with 15 mg/L of humic acid. Under UV light radiation, the combined forces or bonds that existed among humic acid molecules were destroyed; adsorption sites increased positively with radiation time, which promoted adsorption of humic acid onto polymeric aluminum and Al(OH)3(s). This work provides a new solution for humic acid coagulation and residual Al control for raw water with humic acid purification.     

基于多项植被指数的景观生态类型遥感解译与分类——以额济纳天然绿洲景观为例

基于研究区2001年Landsat7ETM+遥感影像数据,运用遥感与GIS技术手段,在对遥感影像的边界裁定、几何校正、辐射校正等预处理的基础之上,根据绿洲景观生态类型分类体系,通过综合应用非监督分类、植被指数与波段比值指数聚类、监督分类以及类型叠加与图像整合等方法,进行绿洲景观生态类型的遥感解译与分类,生成研究区2001年的景观生态类型图。为尽可能利用到遥感影像的所有原始数据信息,论文选取5种植被指数(NDV I、DV I、RV I、IPV I、SA VI)和9种波段比值指数(Index1I-ndex9)参与到遥感影像的解译与分类当中,结果表明:NDV I、DV I、IPV I、SAV I、R VI、Index5、Index6具有较大的相似性,能够明显地将具有植被信息的类别分离出来,利于划分具有植被信息的景观类型;Index1-Index4具有较好的类别空间分离性,利于不同类别间的聚类与区分;而Index7-Index9的类别分离性则较差,不利于类别聚类与划分。因此,在实际的应用中,选取多项植被指数参与景观分类,不仅能够发现新的信息,而且也会明显提高景观生态类型、尤其是干旱区绿洲景观生态类型的遥感解译与分类能力。     

上海不同强度干霾期间气溶胶垂直分布特征

利用美国宇航局(NASA)的CALIPSO星载激光雷达资料,通过分析后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比等参量揭示了上海地区发生不同强度干霾时气溶胶的垂直分布特征,并结合地面气溶胶观测进行了分析.结果表明,发生干霾时,低层大气(2km以下)污染最严重,气溶胶的后向散射系数主要集中在0.0015~0.0035km-1×sr-1,体积退偏比集中在0~15%,色比集中在0.2~0.8;2~10km高度内,散射系数相对较小,其中2~8km的值主要集中在0.0008~0.0025 km-1×sr-1,8~10km的值则主要集中0.0008~0.0015 km-1×sr-1,气溶胶体积退偏比和色比在2~4km、4~6km、6~8km和8~10km各高度内分别集中在0~20%和0~0.6.在0~10km高度内,相对于轻微干霾和轻度干霾,中度干霾时气溶胶的散射能力和不规则性最强,粒径也最大.     

纤维类废弃物的热化学催化液化试验研究

对纤维类废弃物热化学催化液化反应各反应物的用量比例、反应条件进行优化,并初步测定了最优条件下液化产物的组分.结果表明,纤维类废弃物在浓硫酸/苯酚(浓硫酸的质量分数为6%)的混合催化体系中,当温度为160℃,时间为70min时的液化效果最好.气相色谱-质谱联用仪和红外光谱仪的分析结果表明,液化产物中甲基和亚甲基等基团的振动加强,以及存在麦草纤维素的单体葡萄糖的衍生物,液化反应破坏了纤维类废弃物的晶格结构,从而打破了生物利用的禁锢,使其易被微生物降解.利用液化产物进行混合菌株发酵培养,其真蛋白含量可达到30.74%;其酒精含量可达到19.0%(V/V).     

Vertical distributions of wintertime atmospheric nitrogenous compounds and the corresponding OH radicals production in Leshan, southwest China

Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations were operated from 02 to 21 December 2018 in Leshan, southwest China, to measure HONO, NO₂ and aerosol extinction vertical distributions, and these were the first MAX-DOAS measurement results in Sichuan Basin. During the measurement period, characteristic ranges for surface concentration were found to be 0.26–4.58 km^?1 and averaged at 0.93 km^?1 for aerosol extinction, 0.49 to 35.2 ppb and averaged at 4.57 ppb for NO₂ and 0.03 to 7.38 ppb and averaged at 1.05 ppb for HONO. Moreover, vertical profiles of aerosol, NO₂ and HONO were retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements using the Heidelberg Profile (HEIPRO) algorithm. By analysing the vertical gradients of pollutants and meteorological information, we found that aerosol and HONO are strongly localised, while NO₂ is mainly transmitted from the north direction (city center direction). Nitrogen oxides such as HONO and NO₂ are important for the production of hydroxyl radical (OH) and oxidative capacity in the troposphere. In this study, the averaged value of OH production rate from HONO is about 0.63 ppb/hr and maximum value of ratio between OH production from HONO and from (HONO+O₃) is > 93% before12:00 in Leshan. In addition, combustion emission contributes to 26% for the source of HONO in Leshan, and we found that more NO₂ being converted to HONO under the conditions with high aerosol extinction coefficient and high relative humidity is also a dominant factor for the secondary produce of HONO.     

乙酸钠为碳源时进水COD和总磷对生物除磷的影响

研究了乙酸钠为碳源时,乙酸盐和总磷浓度对循序间歇式生物除磷工艺运行效果的影响,以及含高浓度乙酸盐废水不能有效除磷的原因结果表明:COD<600mg·L^-1时,随着COD/TP值的增大,总磷去除率提高,COD/TP<50时,磷的去除率提高显著,但当COD/TP>50时,磷的去除变化不大;进水乙酸盐浓度过高(COD>600mg·L^-1)使除磷效率逐渐下降,COD>1000 mg·L^-1会使生物除磷系统完全崩溃;研究发现除磷效率的下降是由于过多的乙酸盐从厌氧段进入了好氧段,引起丝状菌的增殖、污泥膨胀,导致聚磷菌被洗出.