Characteristics of carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences in Beijing,China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds were measured both indoors and outdoors in 50 residences of Beijing in heating (December, 2011) and non-heating seasons (April/May, 2012). SUMMA canisters for VOCs and diffusive samplers for carbonyl compounds were deployed for 24 h at each site, and 94 compounds were quantified. Formaldehyde, acetone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds both indoors and outdoors with indoor median concentrations being 32.1, 21.7 and 15.3 μg·m⁻³, respectively. Ethane (17.6 μg·m⁻³), toluene (14.4 μg·m⁻³), propane (11.2 μg·m⁻³), ethene (8.40 μg·m⁻³), n-butane (6.87 μg·m⁻³), and benzene (5.95 μg·m⁻³) showed the high median concentrations in indoor air. Dichloromethane, p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) and toluene exhibited extremely high levels in some residences, which were related with a number of indoor emission sources. Moreover, isoprene, p-dichlorobenzene and carbonyls showed median indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios larger than 3, indicating their indoor sources were prevailing. Chlorinated compounds like CFCs were mainly from outdoor sources for their I/O ratios being less than 1. In addition, indoor concentrations between two sampling seasons varied with different compounds. Carbonyl compounds and some chlorinated compounds had higher concentrations in the non-heating season, while alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds showed an increase in the heating season. Indoor concentration of VOCs and carbonyls were influenced by locations, interior decorations and indoor activities, however the specific sources for indoor VOCs and carbonyls could not be easily identified. The findings obtained in this study would significantly enhance our understandings on the prevalent and abundant species of VOCs as well as their concentrations and sources in Beijing residences.     

镉对不同生态型水稻的毒性及其在水稻体内迁移转运

采用溶液培养方法研究镉(Cd)对两种不同生态型水稻的毒性影响以及Cd在水稻体内的转运.结果表明,粳稻品种杨辐粳7号比籼稻品种K优818对Cd毒害反应更敏感.两种生态型水稻品种的根系对Cd的吸收积累差异比较大,在10 μmol·L-1 Cd浓度下生长3～14 d,杨辐粳7号根系中Cd浓度比K优818高44.5％ ～ 99...     

利福平废水处理的工艺实验研究

采用水解酸化-UASB(上流式厌氧污泥反应床)-接触氧化-生物活性炭工艺对利福平废水进行了生化处理。结果表明:水解酸化可以有效提高废水的可生化性,大幅度提高后续的厌氧-好氧处理效果,工艺末端的生物活性炭深度处理可以有效的去除好氧出水的COD和色度,使得出水达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的规定标准。     

Sediment geochemistry and arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Datong basin,northern China

Understanding the mechanism of arsenic (As) mobilization from sediments to groundwater is important for water quality management in areas of endemic arsenic poisoning, such as the Datong basin in northern China. The bulk geochemistry analysis of sediment samples from three 50-m boreholes drilled specifically for this study at As-contaminated aquifers, the groundwaters of which have an As concentration up to 1060 μg/l, revealed that the average bulk concentrations of major and trace elements of the samples are similar to those of the average upper continental crust. The average As content of the sediment samples (18.7 mg/kg) is higher than that of modern unconsolidated sediments (5–10 mg/kg). Moreover, the abundance of elements varied with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer fractions of the sediments, such as silt and clay. The concentration of NH₂OH–HCl-extracted iron (Fe) strongly correlated with that of extracted As, suggesting that Fe oxyhydroxides may be the major sink of As in the aquifer. The results of microcosm experiments showed that As mobilization from sediments to groundwater is probably mainly related to changes in the redox conditions, with moderately reducing conditions being favorable for As release from sediments into groundwater.     

Asymmetric genetic exchange in the brown seaweed Sargassum fusiforme (Phaeophyceae) driven by oceanic currents

Geological phenomena (e.g. drastic sea level fluctuations during the Quaternary Ice Age in the Northern Hemisphere) have been demonstrated to intensively affect the biogeographic patterns and tempo-spatial compositions of genetic diversity of marine organisms. However, it is poorly understood whether contemporary factors such as oceanic surface currents have also shaped inter-regional population genetics of specific coastal marine flora, with or without limited dispersal capability. In this study, we determined mtDNA Cox1 gene sequences of the brown seaweed Sargassum fusiforme from nine populations along the Chinese coast and one population from the west coast of South Korea, in an effort to understand what factors are contributing to their current genetic structure and geographic distribution patterns. Genetic analyses indicated a deep genetic break between the Yellow-Bohai Sea (YBS) and the other two marginal seas, the East China Sea (ECS) and the South China Sea (SCS). In particular, the amount of genetic exchange from the SCS to each of the ECS and YBS was significantly higher than that from the opposite directions. Our analyses supports the hypothesis that biogeographic patterns of genetic variation in S. fusiforme are probably an interactive consequence of post-glacial colonization from two scattered refugia driven by the offshore Kuroshio Current and asymmetric gene flow among adjacent sea margins.     

Take back and treatment of discarded electronics: a scientific update

This paper indicates that the performance of tack-back and treatment of electronic waste (e-waste) system can be improved substantially. This can be reached by better taking into account in a better way the big variety in material composition and potential toxicity of electrical and electronic products - from a technical, organizational and regulatory perspective. Realizing that there is no ‘one size fit for all’ and combining smart tailor made solutions with economic of sale will result in the best environmental gain/cost ratio. Several examples show how science and engineering have supported or will support this approach.     

中国资源能源稀缺度因子及其在生命周期评价中的应用

在生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)方法中,利用资源稀缺度因子,可以综合评价一个产品生命周期中总体的资源消耗水平。论文基于广泛采用的CML方法中的非生物资源消耗(Abiotic Depletion Potential, ADP)因子,通过引入中国的资源自给率修正,得出了中国非生物资源消耗因子(Chinese Abiotic Depletion Potential,CADP)及其指标。CADP因子可支持国内LCA研究和相关政策研究中的资源、能源消耗综合评价,同时也为其他国家或地区的资源评价提供了一种普遍适用的方法。案例研究表明,1 kWh电网电力的生命周期CADP指标为1.02 kg coal-R eq.,60.46%的贡献都来自于原煤资源的消耗,其次来自石油的消耗(11.63%),此外还包括基础设施建设中铜、镍等资源的消耗。     

微砂+磁沉降快速除污工艺试验研究

为了探讨微砂在磁沉降快速除污工艺中的应用,设计了微砂和聚合氯化铝(PAC)的最佳组合试验,分析影响微砂在磁絮凝中絮凝效果的因素。结果表明:当微砂投加量为300 mg/L,PAC投加量为80 mg/L,磁场强度为300 mT,pH为6时,微砂在磁絮凝中具有最佳处理效果,对TSS、COD和TP去除率分别达到最大值93.66%、74.29%和89.10%。同时在投加微砂和磁沉降的共同作用下,水力停留时间仅为8 min。     

Automatic imitation of risky behavior: a study of simulated driving in china

Objective: Imitation of risky behaviors among drivers is a potentially dangerous threat to driving safety but is infrequently discussed in the existing literature. To enrich the understanding of drivers' imitation behaviors on the road, 2 experiments were designed for a simulated traffic environment. Methods: Safe and risky behaviors were demonstrated by model vehicles separately in the 2 experiments, and imitation behaviors of the participants were observed and analyzed. Results: From experiment 1 it was found that the following distance of participants (measured in time headway) was affected by the distance demonstrated by other vehicles on the road. The influence was stronger when the speed was low, and the participants imitated both risky and safe behavior models. When the speed was high, the participants tended to only learn safe behaviors. In experiment 2, when approaching yellow lights, it was examined whether a driver's decision (pass or stop) would be affected by the behavior of another vehicle (the model vehicle), which was designed to either pass through or stop at the intersection. When the model vehicle ran the yellow light, 65 percent of the participants did the same, even though they were 30?m behind the model vehicle. In contrast, if the model vehicle stopped at the intersection, only 25 percent of the participants decided to pass. Conclusions: It was found that both novice and experienced participants had the tendency to imitate what they saw but were rarely aware of the influence by other drivers in both scenarios.     

阳离子表面活性剂处理油田含聚合物废水

以7种常见的阳离子表面活性剂为絮凝剂,考察对海上某油田含聚合物废水的处理效果.实验结果表明:一定浓度时,十四烷基三甲基溴化铵和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵有很好的絮凝效果:阳离子季铵盐表面活性剂加入到含聚合物废水中后,先会与连续水相中的水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)发生静电中和作用,剩余的表面活性剂扩散至油水界面与界面处HPAM作用后破坏HPAM对油滴的稳定作用,从而达到絮凝效果;阳离子表面活性剂的加入量与含聚合物废水中HPAM的浓度密切相关.