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51.
Soils of the large sewage farm area south of Berlin are contaminated with heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn. Based on earlier studies the total amount and the bioavailable proportions of heavy metals in soil samples were analysed. In some samples very high levels of total heavy metal concentrations were detected. For Pb, Cd, Cu and Hg the maximum values were 1360, 29.7, 817 and 40.8 mg/kg soil dry matter, respectively. The biovailable fractions of heavy metals which were found primarily in the acetate and EDTA fractions and to a lesser degree in the water extract account for about 50 % (Pb, Ni), 70 % (Cd) or 90% (Zn) of their total amount and may therefore pose a considerable environmental risk. 相似文献
52.
Martin?PlathEmail author Jakob?Parzefall Kay?E.?K?rner Ingo?Schlupp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2004,55(6):596-601
In many species, females prefer large males as mating partners. Male size can easily be determined visually. We examined how such mate choice evolves when individuals are deprived of sensory information previously used to determine male quality. Using a cave-dwelling population of Atlantic mollies, Poecilia mexicana, as a model, we asked whether the female mating preference for large male body size still occurs in this cave fish, or whether it is lacking due to the absence of visual communication in the cave environment. In simultaneous choice tests we compared the time females spent with a large or a small male. In the river-dwelling and cave-dwelling fish, as well as the population originating from the cave entrance, we found a significant preference for large males in light. Hence, the ancestral mating preference of surface-dwelling mollies has been maintained during the evolution of the cave form. However, only the cave population exhibited a mating preference in darkness. Determination of male body size appears to have been taken over by a non-visual sensory system, probably the lateral line.Communicated by K. Lindström 相似文献
53.
Martin Plath Rüdiger Riesch Alexandra Oranth Justina Dzienko Nora Karau Angela Schießl Stefan Stadler Adriana Wigh Claudia Zimmer Lenin Arias-Rodriguez Ingo Schlupp Michael Tobler 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(8):769-774
Adaptation to ecologically heterogeneous environments can drive speciation. But what mechanisms maintain reproductive isolation among locally adapted populations? Using poeciliid fishes in a system with naturally occurring toxic hydrogen sulfide, we show that (a) fish from non-sulfidic sites (Poecilia mexicana) show high mortality (95 %) after 24 h when exposed to the toxicant, while locally adapted fish from sulfidic sites (Poecilia sulphuraria) experience low mortality (13 %) when transferred to non-sulfidic water. (b) Mate choice tests revealed that P. mexicana females exhibit a preference for conspecific males in non-sulfidic water, but not in sulfidic water, whereas P. sulphuraria females never showed a preference. Increased costs of mate choice in sulfidic, hypoxic water, and the lack of selection for reinforcement due to the low survival of P. mexicana may explain the absence of a preference in P. sulphuraria females. Taken together, our study may be the first to demonstrate independent—but complementary—effects of natural and sexual selection against immigrants maintaining differentiation between locally adapted fish populations. 相似文献
54.
Rüdiger Riesch Martin Plath Francisco J. García de León Ingo Schlupp 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(2):133-141
The majority of studies on ecological speciation in animals have investigated the divergence caused by biotic factors like
divergent food sources or predatory regimes. Here, we examined a system where ecological speciation can clearly be ascribed
to abiotic environmental gradients of naturally occurring toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In southern Mexico, two genera of livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae: Poecilia and Gambusia) thrive in various watercourses with different concentrations of H2S. Previous studies have revealed pronounced genetic differentiation between different locally adapted populations in one
species (Poecilia mexicana), pointing towards incipient speciation. In the present study, we examined female reproductive life-history traits in two
species pairs: Gambusia sexradiata (from a nonsulfidic and a sulfidic habitat) and Gambusia eurystoma (sulfide-endemic), as well as P. mexicana (nonsulfidic and sulfidic) and Poecilia sulphuraria (sulfide endemic). We found convergent divergence of life-history traits in response to sulfide; most prominently, extremophile
poeciliids exhibit drastically increased offspring size coupled with reduced fecundity. Furthermore, within each genus, this
trend increased with increasing sulfide concentrations and was most pronounced in the two endemic sulfur-adapted species.
We discuss the adaptive significance of large offspring size in toxic environments and propose that divergent life-history
evolution may promote further ecological divergence through isolation by adaptation. 相似文献
55.
Carolin Kranz 《生态毒理学报》2004,26(4):24-25
作为一家化工企业,BASF对自己的产品负有专门的责任. 相似文献
56.
Annekatrin Dreyer Volker Matthias Ingo Weinberg Ralf Ebinghaus 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1221-9909
Twenty precipitation samples were taken concurrently with air samples at a northern German monitoring site over a period of 7 months in 2007 and 2008. Thirty four poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFC) were determined in rain water samples by solid phase extraction and HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Seventeen compounds were detected in rain water with ΣPFC concentrations ranging from 1.6 ng L−1 to 48.6 ng L−1. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorobutanate (PFBA) were the compounds that were usually observed in highest concentrations. Calculated ΣPFC deposition rates were between 2 and 91 ng m−2 d−1. These findings indicate that particle phase PFC are deposited from the atmosphere by precipitation. A relationship between PFC wet deposition and air concentration may be established via precipitation amounts. Trajectory analysis revealed that PFC concentration and deposition estimates in precipitation can only be explained if a detailed air mass history is considered. 相似文献
57.
Banitz T Wick LY Fetzer I Frank K Harms H Johst K 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2781-2788
Successful biodegradation of organic soil pollutants depends on their bioavailability to catabolically active microorganisms. In particular, environmental heterogeneities often limit bacterial access to pollutants. Experimental and modelling studies revealed that fungal networks can facilitate bacterial dispersal and may thereby improve pollutant bioavailability. Here, we investigate the influence of such bacterial dispersal networks on biodegradation performance under spatially heterogeneous abiotic conditions using a process-based simulation model. To match typical situations in polluted soils, two types of abiotic conditions are studied: heterogeneous bacterial dispersal conditions and heterogeneous initial resource distributions. The model predicts that networks facilitating bacterial dispersal can enhance biodegradation performance for a wide range of these conditions. Additionally, the time horizon over which this performance is assessed and the network’s spatial configuration are key factors determining the degree of biodegradation improvement. Our results support the idea of stimulating the establishment of fungal mycelia for enhanced bioremediation of polluted soils. 相似文献
58.
The term "barren hills" has been a keyword for land degradation in the uplands of Vietnam for over a decade. Nevertheless, the "barren" land is still not adequately ecologically characterized. In this work, we analyze land use-induced changes in vegetation and soil properties along a sequence of barren hills types formed on one physiotope. The study is undertaken in the Bac Kan province, one of the poorest upland regions where livestock plays an important role. A transition from an old-growth laurel forest to a sparse manmade grassland is characterized by a total of 177 species, rapid species turnover, and discrete dominants, and an overwhelming effect of disturbance history on both soil and vegetation patterning. Land degradation is most apparent in land use-induced maintenance of arrested successions, and the regeneration course is shifted towards drier formations. We hypothesize a conceptual model as an aid to understanding the process of early fallow differentiation in response to the patterned, fine-scale disturbances. The larger-scale implications of the observed trends in regeneration potentials deviation, and, in particular, the effect of water buffaloes in halting fallow successions, are discussed. 相似文献
59.
Ellen McCoy Norbert Syska Martin Plath Ingo Schlupp Rüdiger Riesch 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(7):1437-1445
One possible mechanism for the (co-)evolution of seemingly novel male traits and female preferences for them is that males
exploit pre-existing female biases, and livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae) have been at the forefront of this research for almost
two decades. Here, using 13 poeciliid species from four different genera, we tested whether mustache-like rostral filaments
found in males of some Mexican molly (Poecilia sphenops) populations could have evolved due to exploitation of a pre-existing female bias. While Mexican mollies were the only species
with a significant female association preference for mustached males, we also did not find any species exhibiting significant
aversion for mustached males; rather, variance in female preference scores was large throughout. For example, more than 25%
of females spent twice as much time with the mustached male compared to the non-mustached male in most species, but even 31%
of Mexican molly females spent more time near the non-mustached male. Hence, a comparison of the strength of preference was
inconclusive. We discuss the possibility that the female preference of P. sphenops for mustached males could be due to a female pre-existing bias (sensu lato), even if population means were not significant
for species other than P. sphenops. This highlights the importance of distinguishing between population means and individual preferences when interpreting mate
choice, and thus, adds depth to the concept of mating preferences as a motor for evolutionary change. 相似文献
60.
Ivonne Bedei Tascha Gehrke Karl-Philipp Gloning Matthias Meyer-Wittkopf Daria Willner Martin Krapp Alexander Scharf Jan Degenhardt Kai-Sven Heling Peter Kozlowski Kathrin Trautmann Kai M. Jahns Annegret Geipel Jan-Erik Baumüller Lucas Wilhelm Ingo Gottschalk Andreas Schröer Alexander Graf Aline Wolter Johanna Schenk Axel Weber Ignatia B. Van den Veyver Roland Axt-Fliedner 《黑龙江环境通报》2023,43(2):192-206