This study investigated the electrochemical oxidation of stabilized leachate from Pulau Burung semi-aerobic sanitary landfill by conducting laboratory experiments with sodium sulfate Na2SO4 (as electrolyte) and graphite carbon electrodes. The control parameters were influent COD, current density and reaction time, while the responses were BOD removal, COD removal, BOD:COD ratio, color and pH. Na2SO4 concentration was 1 g/L. Experiments were conducted based on a three-level factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the results. The optimum conditions were obtained as 1414 mg/L influent COD concentration, 79.9 mA/cm2 current density and 4 h reaction time. This resulted in 70% BOD removal, 68% COD removal, 84% color removal, 0.04 BOD/COD ratio and 9.1 pH. Electrochemical treatment using graphite carbon electrode was found to be effective in BOD, COD and color removal but was not effective in increasing the BOD/COD ratio or enhancing biodegradability of the leachate. The color intensity of the treated samples increased at low influent COD and high current density due to corrosion of electrode material. 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study deals with the development of alumina-supported cobalt (Co/Al2O3) catalysts with remarkable performance in dry reforming of methane (DRM)... 相似文献
In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of a biomass was used as a means to improve the physicochemical properties of rubber seed shell (RSS) and enhance its reactivity in the char-CO2 gasification reaction, known as the Boudouard reaction (C + CO2 ? 2CO). Hydrochar samples were developed by hydrothermal treatment of RSS, without separating the solid residue from the liquid product, at 433, 473, 513, and 553 K under autogenous pressure. The CO2 gasification reactivity of the developed hydrochars was then investigated at different heating rates (5, 10, 20, and 30 K/min) by the non-isothermal thermogravimetric method. The hydrochars revealed higher reactivity and improved gasification characteristics compared to the untreated biomass, while the hydrochar which was filtered from the liquid slurry showed lower reactivity compared to the untreated biomass. This was due to the chemical and structural evolutions of the biomass during hydrothermal treatment as indicated by various analyses. The gasification reactivity of the hydrochar was substantially enhanced by introduction of a catalyst (NaNO3) during HTC. Kinetic analysis of the char-CO2 gasification reaction was carried out by applying Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), and Starink isoconversional methods, and thermodynamic parameters were also determined. The activation energy of the Na-loaded RSS hydrochar in CO2 gasification (120–154 kJ/mol) was considerably lower than that of the untreated biomass (153–172 kJ/mol). Thermodynamic studies also confirmed the promoting effect of hydrothermal treatment and catalyst impregnation on enhancement of reactivity of the virgin biomass and reduction of gasification temperature.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The main objective of this study was to assess the possible effects of airborne particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10)... 相似文献
This research focuses on the fractionation and distribution patterns of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, and Fe) in surficial sediments collected from Shadegan Wildlife Refuge, the biggest wetland in southern part of Iran, to provide an overall classification for the sources of metals in the study area using a sequential extraction method. For this purpose, a four-step sequential extraction technique was applied to define the partitioning of the metals into different geochemical phases of the sediment. The results illustrated that the average total level of Zn, Cu, and Fe in surface sediments were 55.20 ± 16.04, 22.86 ± 5.68, and 25,979.01 ± 6917.91 μg/g dw, respectively. On the average, the chemical partitioning of all metals in most stations was in the order of residual >oxidizable-organic > acid-reducible > exchangeable. In the same way, the results of calculated geochemical indices revealed that Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations are mainly influenced by lithogenic origins. Compared with consensus-based SQGs, Cu was likely to result in occasionally harmful biological effects on the biota.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aims of this study were to assess the health impact of PM10 on inhabitants and to investigate the trend of PM10 concentrations in Ilam, Iran, from... 相似文献
Samples of surface sediments from the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf were examined to determine the levels and sources of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Samples were collected from 30 sampling sites and analyzed for PAHs by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 93 to 4,077 ng g?1 dry weight. The PAH composition from 30 sampling sites was dominated by four-ring PAH compounds. Molecular indices based on the ratios of PAH concentrations were used to differentiate PAHs from pyrolitic to petrogenic and mixed origins. The results suggested that the main sources of PAHs in sediments from the studied region were mixed pyrolitic and petrogenic. Furthermore, benthic organisms in most of the investigated areas were not at ecotoxicological risk, according to the results from the effects range low (ERL)/effects range median (ERM) techniques suggested by the US Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). 相似文献
Canonical correlation analysis (CCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and principal factor analysis (PFA) have been adopted to provide ease of understanding: interpretation of a large complex data set in the Gorganrud River monitoring networks, evaluation of the temporal and spatial variations of water quality, and finally identification of monitoring stations and parameters which are most important in assessing annual variations of water quality in the river. In accomplishing the research, 11 surface water quality data related to both of physical and chemical parameters have been collected from seven monitoring stations from 1996 to 2002. In general, our results from CCA method indicated strong relationship between physical and chemical parameters in the Gorganrud River. In addition, analyzing data through the PCA and PFA techniques revealed that all monitoring stations are important in explaining the annual variation of data set. From the point of view of the degree of importance of parameters contributing to water quality variations, further investigations by running two scenarios (rotated factor correlation coefficient value equal to 0.95 and 0.90 for the first and second scenarios, respectively) showed that the important parameters in one season may not be important for another season. For example, unlike in summer, water temperature, total suspended solids, total phosphorous, and nitrate parameters were important, electrical conductivity, and turbidity parameters had been realized as important parameters in spring through the first scenario. 相似文献
In this research, nanoporous zeolite T membranes were synthesized at three levels of synthesis temperature: 100, 120 and 140 °C and synthesis time: 15, 30 and 50 h and characterized by gas permeation. Effects of synthesis parameters on CO2 and CH4 permeances and CO2/CH4 ideal separation factors were studied. All experiments were conducted at 1 bar feed pressure and 30 °C module temperature. Normally, it is anticipated that increasing synthesis temperature and synthesis time increase gas permeances and consequently decrease ideal separation factor. This prediction was not observed in the case of synthesis temperature increase from 100 to 120 °C as well as synthesis time increase from 15 to 30 h, due to the dual effect of increasing synthesis temperature and synthesis time on gas permeances and ideal separation factor. More zeolites are deposited and larger crystals are formed at higher synthesis temperatures and times. Forming the larger crystals accelerates the rate of zeolite layer integration, which is responsible for gas separation, in one hand and reduces the density of deposited zeolite layer on the support, due to the formation of more voids, on the other hand. In terms of maximizing the CO2/CH4 ideal separation factor, medium synthesis temperature and synthesis time (120 °C and 30 h) can be selected, however, maximum gas permeances are obtained at low levels of synthesis temperature and time (100 °C and 15 h). According to the ranges of gas permeances (10−11 to 10−6 mol/m2 s Pa) and CO2/CH4 ideal separation factors (1.4–70.3), it is concluded that the zeolite T membranes synthesized at optimum conditions can be employed for membrane separation of CO2/CH4 mixtures. 相似文献