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111.
Abdul Wahab Khan Mohammad Shahedur Rahman Umme Salma Zohora Masahiro Okanami Takashi Ano 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2011
Interest in microbial surfactants has been steadily increasing in recent years due to their diversity, mass production possibility, selectivity, performance under extreme conditions and potential applications in environmental protection. In this study two pentose sugars (xylose and arabinose) were investigated for the submerged fermentation (SmF) of Bacillus subtilis in surfactant production medium for bio-surfactant surfactin production. An excellent vegetative growth of B. subtilis (× 1010 CFU/mL) was observed for xylose and arabinose containing medium which were comparable to glucose supplemented medium. Low growth (× 108 CFU/mL) was found when medium was not supplemented with any of the sugars. Surfactin production in xylose, arabinose and glucose containing medium was 2700, 2600 and 2000 mg/L, respectively, whereas, medium without any sugar showed low surfactin (700 mg/L) production. These results clearly indicate the effect of pentose sugars on production of surfactin. Gradual depletion of the xylose and arabinose were confirmed by HPLC analysis during the growth phase of the strain that ultimately produced the surfactin. 相似文献
112.
Ambient ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation impacts plant-dwelling arthropods including herbivorous and predatory mites. However, the effects of UVB on prey?Cpredator systems, such as that between the herbivorous spider mite and predatory phytoseiid mite, are poorly understood. A comparative study was conducted to determine the vulnerability and behavioral responses of these mites to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. First, we analyzed dose?Cresponse (cumulative irradiance-mortality) curves for the eggs of phytoseiid mites (Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus womersleyi, and Phytoseiulus persimilis) and the spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) to UVB radiation from a UV lamp. This indicated that the phytoseiid mites were more vulnerable than the spider mite, although P. persimilis was slightly more tolerant than the other two phytoseiid mites. Second, we compared the avoidance behavior of adult female N. californicus and two spider mite species (T. urticae, a lower leaf surface user; Panonychus citri, an upper leaf surface user) in response to solar UV and visible light. N. californicus actively avoided both types of radiation, whereas P. citri showed only minimal avoidance behavior. T. urticae actively avoided UV as well as N. californicus but exhibited a slow response to visible light as well as P. citri. Such variation in vulnerability and avoidance behavior accounts for differences in the species adaptations to solar UVB radiation. This may be the primary factor determining habitat use among these mites on host plant leaves, subsequently affecting accessibility by predators and also intraguild competition. 相似文献
113.
Natsuko Ito Kondo Daisei Yamanaka Yuya Kanbe Yoko Kawate Kunitake Masahiro Yoneda Koji Tsuchida Koichi Goka 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(4):467-475
The European bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, is an invasive eusocial species whose distribution is expanding greatly beyond its native range because numerous colonies
are imported to or locally produced in non-native countries for pollination of agricultural crops. Closely related species
exist in Japan where the unrestricted import and use of B. terrestris has resulted in the establishment of wild colonies. Laboratory studies previously showed that B. terrestris and Japanese native species can copulate and produce fertilized eggs. Although these eggs do not hatch, the interspecific
mating can cause a serious reproductive disturbance to native bumblebees. In this study, we determined the frequencies of
interspecies mating between B. terrestris males and native bumblebee queens in the wild on the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu by analyzing the DNA sequences of spermatozoa
stored in spermathecae of native queens. We found that 20.2% of B. hypocrita hypocrita queens and 30.2% of B. hypocrita sapporoensis queens had spermatozoa of B. terrestris males in their spermathecae. Given that a Bombus queen generally mates only once in her life, such high frequencies of interspecific mating with B. terrestris pose serious threats to the populations of native bumblebees in Japan. 相似文献
114.
Sota Tanaka Sayaka Tachibe Mohd Effendi Bin Wasli Jonathan Lat Logie Seman Joseph Jawa Kendawang Kozo Iwasaki Katsutoshi Sakurai 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2009,129(1-3):293-301
This study discusses soil fertility under perennial cash crop farming (para rubber, Hevea brasiliensis; black pepper, Piper nigrum; oil palm, Elaeis guineensis) conducted by local farmers and an oil palm estate in an upland area of Sarawak, Malaysia, in comparison with the surrounding secondary forests. In the farmlands of the local farmers, rubber farming was conducted without fertilizer application, while 2–5 t ha?1 of NPK compounds were applied annually on pepper farms. Soils under rubber farming were acidic with poor nutrient contents, resembling soils in secondary forests. In pepper farms, soils were less acidic and showed high nutrient contents, especially with respect to available P and exchangeable Ca. This trend became stronger with increasing farming duration. Fertilizers applied around pepper vines appeared to migrate and spread across the fields. Bulk density and hardness of surface soils were higher in pepper farms than in secondary forests, indicating soil compaction due to field works. In the oil palm estate, annual fertilizer application rates were moderate at 0.4–0.8 t ha?1 of NPK compound fertilizers. However, the soil properties in the oil palm estate were similar to those of the small-scale pepper farms. Close to the bases of the palms where fertilizers usually are applied, the contents of exchangeable Ca and available P were high. Nutrient uptake by the dense root systems of the palms seemed to prevent excessive loss of nutrients through leaching. Loss of soil organic matter and deterioration of soil physical properties were brought about by terrace bench construction, but the soils seemed to recover to some extent over time. In conclusion, technologies such as intercropping and the appropriate allocation of different crops to specific locations as well as the proper selection and dosage of fertilizers should be developed and adopted to improve fertilizer efficiency and prevent water pollution due to fertilizer wash-off from farmlands. 相似文献
115.
Masahiro Shimada Takahiko Iida Kensuke Kawarada Yoshifumi Chiba Toshihiro Mamoto Takayuki Okayama 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2000,2(2):100-108
In an earlier report, we presented a method for preparing activated carbon from waste newspaper as a way to recycle used paper
for a purpose other than producing raw material for paper-making. In this article, we consider the porous structure of the
activated carbon that affects its adsorption properties for various substances. The specific surface area of activated carbon
prepared from waste newspaper was 838 m2/g, the micropore volume was 0.368 ml/g, and the mesopore volume was 0.138 ml/g, which is about the same as commercially available
activated carbon. The activated carbon prepared from waste newspaper usually has a high content of ash, which makes little
contribution to the adsorption properties. In particular, as compared with reagent-activated carbon, the quantities of mesopores
with a pore radius of 3–25 nm and macropores with a pore radius of 25–250 nm were 8 and 14 times larger, respectively. Activated
carbon prepared from waste newspaper has a well-developed porous structure, particularly in the mesopore and macropore ranges.
Received: July 12, 1999 / Accepted: March 8, 2000 相似文献
116.
Naoko NAKAGAWA Masahiro OTAKI Shinji MIURA Hironobu HAMASUNA Katsuyoshi ISHIZAKI 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2006,18(6):1088-1093
Sustainable sanitation is an approach for more ecological and sustainable water resources management. In this paper, we proposed one of the new integrated waste treatment systems: an "sustainable sanitation system" that includes separation of the black water from water system by a non-flushing toilet (bio-toilet), and a gray water treatment based on a biological and ecological concept. Sustainable sanitation system also converts the domestic waste to soil conditioners and fertilizers, for farmland use. As one of the case studies, Environmentally Symbiotic Housing in which people actually live using the bio-toilet for the black water treatment and the household wastewater treatment facility for the gray water was introduced. The availability of this system was investigated by analyzing the sawdust used in the bio-toilet and the quality of the effluent in the household wastewater treatment facility. As the result, the water content of the sawdust did not exceed 60% in any of the sampling points and the BOD and COD of the effluent of the household wastewater treatment facility were below 10 and 20 mg/L respectively, due to the low loading. Compared to the pollution load on the water environment created by the conventional system, it was found that the effluent of the house has a lower load than the tertiary treatment and the volume of the water consumption is 75% of the conventional system. 相似文献
117.
Takaaki Mizutani Hidenori Matsui Hiroshi Sanui Masahiro Yonekura 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2001,14(6):163-565
In this study, the decomposing detonation and deflagration properties of ozone/oxygen mixtures of up to 20 vol.% of ozone in oxygen under high pressure of up to 1.0 MPa in a tube were experimentally investigated. The mixtures were ignited by an electric spark at the end of the tube. Flame propagation properties such as flame velocity and pressure were measured with thermocouples and piezo electric transducers mounted along the tube. Slow and constant flame propagation profiles were obtained. We also investigated the quenching ability of a wire gauze as well as the concentration limit for flame propagation. However, in spite of slow flame propagation velocity and easy flame quenching properties under these experimental conditions, direct initiation of detonation by the driver detonation of the stoichiometric oxy-hydrogen mixture was easily achieved at much lower concentrations than the limit of deflagration. The observed detonation properties, such as wave velocity and pressure, agreed fairly well with C–J calculated values. The detonation velocity (900–1200 m/s) and the pressure ratio to initial pressures (5–9.5) were not affected by the initial pressure of the mixtures. Near the detonation limit, typical spinning detonations with oscillatory pressure waves were observed. 相似文献
118.
Masahiro Shimada Takahiko Iida Kensuke Kawarada Takayuki Okayama Masami Fushitani 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2001,3(2):135-143
We have already reported the adsorptivity and pore structure of activated carbon made from waste newspaper in order to use
the waste paper for purposes other than paper-making stock. However, manufacturing the activated carbon may not necessarily
be an advantageous method based on environmental concerns and the effective use of the resource because the reaction during
the activating process is endothermic and the amount of carbon consumed is significant. Here, we examine the pore structure
and adsorption properties of waste newspaper used as an adsorbent in the form of a carbonized material. Waste newspaper was
carbonized for 2 h in the temperature range 400°–1000°C. The specific surface area of the carbonized material obtained, 418 m2/g, was highest for the sample carbonized at 800°C, which was equal to or greater than that of commercially available charcoal.
Moreover, the iodine adsorption number of 581 mg/g was the highest and the rate of adsorption was the fastest for the sample
carbonized at 800°C. However, the humidity control capability was highest for the material carbonized at 600°–700°C. It has
been determined that it is advantageous to carbonize waste paper at 800°C in order to use the carbonized material as an adsorbent,
while carbonization at 600°–700°C is more advantageous for use as a humidity control material.
Received: June 23, 2000 / Accepted: January 17, 2001 相似文献
119.
Yuki Haga Motoharu Suzuki Chisato Matsumura Toshihiro Okuno Masahiro Tsurukawa Kazuo Fujimori Narayanan Kannan Roland Weber Takeshi Nakano 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(17):16446-16454
In this study, we analyzed hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in urine of both PCB transport workers and PCB researchers. A method to monitor OH-PCB in urine was developed. Urine was solid-phase extracted with 0.1% ammonia/ methanol (v/v) and glucuronic acid/sulfate conjugates and then decomposed using β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. After alkaline digestion/derivatization, the concentration of OH-PCBs was determined by HRGC/HRMS-SIM. In the first sampling campaign, the worker’s OH-PCB levels increased several fold after the PCB waste transportation work, indicating exposure to PCBs. The concentration of OH-PCBs in PCB transport workers’ urine (0.55~11 μg/g creatinine (Cre)) was higher than in PCB researchers’ urine (< 0.20 μg/g Cre). However, also a slight increase of OH-PCBs was observed in the researchers doing the air sampling at PCB storage area. In the second sampling, after recommended PCB exposure reduction measures had been enacted, the worker’s PCB levels did not increase during handling of PCB equipment. This suggests that applied safety measures improved the situation. Hydroxylated trichlorobiphenyls (OH-TrCBs) were identified as a major homolog of OH-PCBs in urine. Also, hydroxylated tetrachlorobiphenyls (OH-TeCBs) to hydroxylated hexachlorobiphenyls (OH-HxCBs) were detected. For the sum of ten selected major indicators, a strong correlation to total OH-PCBs were found and these can possibly be used as non-invasive biomarkers of PCB exposure in workers managing PCB capacitors and transformer oils. We suggest that monitoring of OH-PCBs in PCB management projects could be considered a non-invasive way to detect exposure. It could also be used as a tool to assess and improve PCB management. This is highly relevant considering the fact that in the next 10 years, approx. 14 million tons of PCB waste need to be managed. Also, the selected populations could be screened to assess whether exposure at work, school, or home has taken place. 相似文献
120.
Guangdou Qi Zhifei Pan Yasuha Sugawa Fetra J. Andriamanohiarisoamanana Takaki Yamashiro Masahiro Iwasaki Keiko Kawamoto Ikko Ihara Kazutaka Umetsu 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(3):1448-1457
The fertilizer properties of anaerobic digestate depend on the feedstock and operating conditions of digestion. In this study, the comparative fertilizer properties of mesophilic and thermophilic digestates from dairy manure were evaluated for plant nutrient contents, and special attention was paid to plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Two digestates contained similar plant nutrient contents, while the thermophilic digestate contained higher contents of NH4+–N. The quantity of Bacillus and Pseudomonas in the mesophilic digestate was significantly higher than in the thermophilic digestate. Furthermore, Bacillus showed siderophore production and antifungal activity (43.5–75.3%), and Pseudomonas showed siderophore and phytohormone production (4.2–75.2 µg ml?1). One phosphate solubilizing isolate was also detected in the mesophilic digestate. These results indicated that two digestates showed different fertilizer properties with respect to nutrient contents and PGPB, and digestates had the potential to increase the availability of phosphorus and iron in the soil, both to provide phytohormones to plant roots and protect plants from fungal phytopathogens. The contents of indicator bacteria and heavy metals were analyzed to determine their environmental risk, and the results showed a high reduction in indicator bacteria and lower levels of heavy metals than in other feedstocks. 相似文献