汽油中典型苯系物在静止水相中的溶解及乙醇增溶效应研究

汽油中典型苯系物(苯、甲苯、乙苯和3种二甲苯的同分异构体,统称BTEX)在含水介质中的溶解情况直接关系到下游BTEX污染程度和污染范围,是汽油泄漏区制定污染场地修复计划的关键资料。为探究汽油BTEX在静止水相中的溶解情况及乙醇对BTEX溶解的影响,利用微元体开展了传统汽油和乙醇汽油(乙醇体积分数10%)静态溶解批实验。结果表明:在静止水相中,油水体积比为1∶70的条件下,水相中BTEX浓度在前9天呈线性快速上升,第13天后进入平衡状态,平衡质量浓度为119.63～130.76mg/L,溶解速度为8.39～13.75mg/(L·d)。乙醇对汽油中的BTEX有一定增溶作用,但效果不明显,且BTEX在乙醇汽油中的溶解速度比传统汽油慢。砂层对BTEX存在吸附作用,可以增强BTEX的溶解。Raoult定律能较好地预测汽油BTEX在静止水相中的溶解,其中高溶解度组分苯和甲苯的实测浓度与预测浓度较为接近。     

Decomposition of volatile organic compounds using gliding arc discharge plasma

ABSTRACT

This work provides a systematic review on the decomposition of volatile organic pollutants in flue gas through the gliding arc (GA) plasma technology. To begin with, the basic mechanisms of GA plasma generation are summarized and three characteristic stages existed during the GA plasma generation process are revealed: gas breakdown stage, equilibrium stage, and non-equilibrium stage. Then, the types of GA reactors are comparatively illustrated. Possible destruction mechanisms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by GA plasma are discussed by taking chloroform, benzene, and methanol as examples. Furthermore, the effects of many operating parameters on the VOCs destruction efficiency are comprehensively analyzed. Simultaneously, the product distribution, energy cost, technical and economic during the whole decomposition process are considered. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of GA plasma and its further development trend are concluded from the academic and industrial application of GA plasma in VOCs decomposition.

Implications: This paper comprehensively describes the principle, characteristics, research progress and engineering application examples of the degradation of volatile organics by gliding arc discharge plasma, so that readers can fully understand the degradation of volatile organics by gliding arc discharge plasma and provide theoretical basis for the industrial application of the degradation of volatile organics by gliding arc discharge plasma.     

基于污水厂尾水的人工湿地系统中水体氮的水流方向分布特征及污染评价

天津临港人工湿地是以污水厂尾水为水源的组合人工湿地,为探究其水体形态氮的分布特征和污染状况,以该湿地系统为研究对象,采集并分析了湿地水样,基于GIS克里格插值法,对湿地水体形态氮和典型理化性质的分布和污染特征进行了研究,结合单因子污染指数法评价了水体污染程度。结果表明:湿地水体TN浓度为0.657～5.576 mg·L~(-1),其中NO_3~--N(0.095～3.920 mg·L~(-1))浓度相对较高,占TN的49.2%;沿水流方向,TN、NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N的分布趋势基本一致,从入水口至景观湖呈逐渐降低趋势;NH_4~+-N的分布相对复杂,在潜流和表流湿地下游与景观湖交汇处浓度最高,表流湿地浓度最低;pH和EC分别对NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的分布特征具有较大的影响作用。根据单因子污染指数法,湿地水体TN超标(P_i1),调节塘TN污染最为严重,调节塘可作为TN优控区。以上结果有助于深入认识以污水厂尾水为水源的组合人工湿地中氮污染物的赋存形态及分布特征。     

土地利用结构优化研究综述

从系统分析的观点出发总结了目前土地利用结构优化模型,包括模型的发展回顾、建模方法和建模的步骤等。土地利用结构优化以建模理论进行划分,可分为：基于适宜性评价理论的优化模型、基于景观生态学理论的优化模型和基于复杂适应系统理论的优化模型;以建模的方法划分,可分为：线性模型和非线性模型。通过优化模型建立的方法对线性规划模型、多目标规划模型、灰色线性规划模型和系统动力学模型进行归纳。在此基础上概括出基于GIS的土地利用结构优化的两种模型：以数量优化和适宜性评价为核心的空间配置优化模型和以元胞自动机模拟演化为核心的优化模型,归纳出空间优化配置模型的建模步骤：预处理、数量优化、空间优化、评价结果4个步骤;元胞自动机演化模型的建模步骤：系统定义、系统抽象、模型实现、方法验证、模型校正和应用6个步骤,并针对模型的优缺点进行评价。指出作为土地资源可持续利用的有效手段,以元胞自动机模型为核心的多模型耦合和系统集成的土地利用优化模式将会是今后土地利用结构优化的发展趋势。     

江苏南京地区蜻蜓目(Odonata)昆虫区系及多样性分析

2005～2008年对江苏南京地区的蜻蜓资源进行了调查,共发现蜻蜓目昆虫45种,隶属于8科29属。其区系组成的特点是：东洋成分占明显优势,有13种,约占总数的2889%;古北区的种类相对较少,只有5种,约占总数的1111%。研究分析了7个样地蜻蜓的物种丰富度多样性指数(〖WTBX〗H′)、均匀度指数(J)、优势度指数(D)和相似性系数(Cs〖WTBZ〗)。结果发现：蜻蜓物种丰富度由大到小的顺序为紫金山(30)=老山(30)>将军山(24)>江心洲(19)>方山(18)>东庐山(13)>金牛湖(9);各样地的多样性指数排序为将军山(2.9298)>紫金山(2.9150)>老山(2.7258)>方山(2.6574)>江心洲(2.5478)>东庐山(1.9025)>金牛湖(1.6700)。其中,方山与东庐山的相似性系数最大(0.7742),金牛湖分别与紫金山和老山的相似性系数最小(0.4103)。     

浙东沿海城市大气颗粒物污染特征及来源解析研究

对2009年夏季浙东沿海地区环境空气质量进行监测,监测大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0)浓度,分析颗粒物污染特征、水溶性离子及无机元素组成,运用化学质量平衡受体模型(CMB模型)对浙东沿海地区大气TSP来源进行解析.结果表明,浙东沿海地区的大气颗粒物主要以细颗粒物为主,颗粒物中主要的水溶性离子为SO2-4、NH+4、Ca2+,土壤尘是该地区大气TSP的主要来源,北仑、乐清和奉化TSP中土壤尘的分担率分别达到55.49%、42.52%、40.70%,各监测点TSP来源具有一定的地域特征.     

场地土壤六价铬污染治理试验研究

为深入研究唐山市老自行车厂场区六价铬污染机理和确定治理方案,本文通过一系列的浸泡和土柱试验,查明了六价铬在场地包气带中的污染原理和硫酸亚铁还原固定治理土壤六价铬污染的可行性与相关参数。试验结果表明:污染场地内包气带中六价铬的运移主要受吸附和解析作用的控制。使用PH值为3.0,质量浓度为2.4%的硫酸亚铁溶液作为治理药剂,可将污染场地包气带中93.24%的六价铬去除。     

四川省水泥行业节能减排现状及对策

四川省作为水泥工业大省,节能减排工作任重而道远。对四川省水泥行业节能减排的现状进行了分析,针对具体情况提出了一些可行的发展对策:淘汰落后产能,调整产业结构,积极推行清洁生产,发展循环经济,促进散装水泥发展等。并指出了"十二五"四川水泥的发展方向。     

Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air of different regions in China

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in fourteen ambient air samples collected in twelve cities of five provinces and one large municipality in China. The PCDD/F concentrations varied from 2.6 to 120 pg m⁻³ (or from 0.04 to 1.93 pg I-TEQ m⁻³). Generally, TCDF was the dominant homologue group and as a rule the homologue concentration of PCDF decreased with rising chlorine substitution number of PCDF. In all cases 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the most important contributor to the I-TEQ value, accounting for 35–57% of the total I-TEQ value. Higher PCDD/F levels in ambient air were found during winter. The highest PCDD/F levels were found in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. In general, the PCDD/F levels in this study were in the same range as in other studies in China.     

Study of PCDD/Fs distribution in fly ash,ash deposits,and bottom ash from a medical waste incinerator in China

Over the past decades in China, the number of medical waste incinerators (MWIs) has been rising rapidly, causing emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). In this study, samples of fly ash, ash deposits, and bottom ash from typical MWIs were analyzed for PCDD/Fs and their distribution characteristics. Results showed international toxic equivalent (I-TEQ) values in the range of 6.9–67 ng I-TEQ/g in fly ash and ash deposits, whereas the concentration in bottom ash was extremely low (only 1.33 pg I-TEQ/g), yet the generation of PCDD/Fs was mostly de novo synthesis in fly ash and ash deposits according to the ratio of PCDFs to PCDDs; the major distribution differences of PCDD/Fs in fly ash was manifested by the content of toxic furan 2,3,7,8-TCDF, but other toxic PCDD/Fs showed similar distribution. Other findings are that 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF had the most contribution to TEQ concentration, and that the most abundant toxic furan congener is 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF. Correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between PCDD/Fs concentration and several other physical and chemical parameters.

Implications: This paper is of interest because it presents the emission performances of PCDD/Fs in ash from medical waste incineration in China. PCDD/F contents in fly ash and ash deposits vary between 6.9 and 67.3 ng I-TEQ/g. However, the concentration in bottom ash was extremely low (only 1.33?×?10^?3 ng I-TEQ/g). The fingerprints of PCDD/Fs in fly ash are almost similar, except for 2,3,7,8-TCDF. There is no marked correlation between PCDD/Fs and other physicochemical properties.

Supplemental Materials: Supplemental materials are available for this paper. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.