复合人工湿地去除生活污水中的有机物和氮

为提高人工湿地对生活污水的处理能力,对传统的单一垂直流湿地进行改进和优化。采用2个垂直流人工湿地串联,并在好氧湿地内增加曝气供氧,使好氧湿地内溶解氧保持在2～2.5 mg/L范围内,而后增加出水回流。结果表明,增加曝气显著提高了出水的COD、NH3-N去除率,但TN去除效果仍不达标;当随着回流比的增加,NH3-N的去除率略有提高,而后趋于稳定,TN去除率提高显著,但回流比过大时,TN去除率则有所下降。     

基于关联模型的二恶英在线检测研究

为实现二恶英快速检测,指导废物焚烧炉二恶英减排,通过检测生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中氯苯和二恶英浓度,研究了三氯苯、四氯苯和二恶英之间的关联关系,并利用实验室自行研制的飞行时间质谱仪对烟气样品的三氯苯进行在线检测。结果表明,三氯苯与二恶英毒性当量(I-TEQ)之间存在良好关联性,相关系数(R2)可达到0.89。仪器检测信号强度与三氯苯浓度之间具有良好的线性关系,根据在线检测烟气样品中三氯苯的信号可得到三氯苯浓度,并根据关联模型计算得到二恶英毒性当量值I-TEQ,实现了对烟气样品中二恶英的快速间接测量。     

Formation of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers from condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), which are among the members of persistent organic pollutants, and PCDEs have been determined in a number of environmental samples. The main possible sources are the technical production of chlorinated phenols and all processes of incomplete combustion. PCDEs were observed in the fly ash from a municipal waste incinerator (MWI). It was speculated that the condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes occurred via PCDEs to form polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Nevertheless, PCDEs formation from condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes has not been confirmed by experimental observation. The objective of this paper is to investigate the formation mechanism of PCDEs from the condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes. The results are expected to be helpful in understanding the formation of PCDEs and in controlling and abating PCDEs emissions from MWI. METHODS: The pyrolysis of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and/or polychlorobenzenes (PCBz) was carried out in a sealed glass tube. The reaction products were extracted and purified with K2CO3 solution. The samples were concentrated and then cleaned up on an alumina column. GC/MS was used for identification and quantification of reaction products. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results showed that the pyrolysis of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at 340 degrees C for 6 h led to the formation of decachlorodiphenyl ether (DCDE) (2.41 microg/mg) and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (OCDD) (0.24 micropg/mg), while the pyrolysis of PCP yielded DCDE (13.08 microg/mg) and OCDD (180.13 microg/mg). In addition, the amount of DCDE formation from the pyrolysis of the mixture of PCP and HCB was 4.65 times higher than the total amount of DCDE formation from the pyrolysis of HCB and PCP, respectively. This indicated that PCP and HCB were prone to condensation and formation of DCDE. DCDE was the main congener of PCDEs from condensation of PCP with HCB at 340, 400 and 450 degrees C. A small amount of nonachlorodiphenyl ether (NCDE) was formed by dechlorination reaction at 450 degrees C. The condensation of PCP with 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (Cl4Bz) formed 2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-octachlorodiphenyl ether (OCDE). Small amounts of heptachlorodiphenyl ether (HpCDE) and hexachlorodiphenyl ether (HxCDE) were detected at 450 degrees C. Meanwhile, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and PCDFs were detected from the condensation of PCP and PCBz. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental studies clarified the behavior of the formation of PCDEs from condensation of polychlorophenols and PCBz. The condensation of polychlorophenols with PCBz formed PCDEs through elimination of HCl between polychlorophenols and PCBz molecules. Another pathway of PCDEs formation was elimination of H2O between two polychlorophenol molecules. In addition, dechlorination processes had caused the specific homologous pattern of PCDEs under higher temperatures.     

实验室信息管理系统在环境保护领域的建设与应用探讨

介绍了环境监测实验室的业务特点;概述了国内外实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)的发展现状;选择了适合环境监测业务的LIMS软件产品,并在此基础上作进一步开发以满足环境监测业务的可拓展性;提出了LIMS需要完善功能的建议.同时,指出在环境保护领域引入LIMS,在一定程度上提高了分析数据的准确性和环境监测实验室管理水平.     

东江水库对耒水中下游原生动物的影响

为评价东江水库建成对耒水中下游水生生物的影响,１９９３年作者对东江水库坝下耒水中下游原生动物进行了两次调查。结果四个断面共发现原生动物８４种,其中丰水季（８月）５９种,多于枯水季（１０月底）的４６种,但丰水季数量（４３５个／Ｌ）和生物量（０．０３６ｍｇ／Ｌ）都低于枯水季（３．２４４个／Ｌ,０．３３５ｍｇ／Ｌ）;多样性指数与种种类数一样,多是丰水季大于枯水季。建库后,从中游到下游原生动物种类数,数量     

履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》的化学品立法需求

介绍了《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的主要内容,分析了我国履约现状,提出了履约建议、措施：建立部委间协调机制;建立与公约要求一致的持久性有机污染物（POPs）削减和消除制度,并与现有的相关制度有效衔接;建立POPs筛查相关制度;建立疑似POPs或有毒化学品信息采集、风险评价和风险管理相关制度;积极采用适合市场经济体制的经济手段;加强POPs监测、处置、替代等相关研究。     

Distribution of Economic Benefits from Ecotourism: A Case Study of Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas in China

Ecotourism is widely promoted as a conservation tool and actively practiced in protected areas worldwide. Theoretically, support for conservation from the various types of stakeholder inside and outside protected areas is maximized if stakeholders benefit proportionally to the opportunity costs they bear. The disproportional benefit distribution among stakeholders can erode their support for or lead to the failure of ecotourism and conservation. Using Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas (China) as an example, we demonstrate two types of uneven distribution of economic benefits among four major groups of stakeholders. First, a significant inequality exists between the local rural residents and the other types of stakeholder. The rural residents are the primary bearers of the cost of conservation, but the majority of economic benefits (investment, employment, and goods) in three key ecotourism sectors (infrastructural construction, hotels/restaurants, and souvenir sales) go to other stakeholders. Second, results show that the distribution of economic benefits is unequal among the rural residents inside the reserve. Most rural households that benefit from ecotourism are located near the main road and potentially have less impact on panda habitat than households far from the road and closer to panda habitats. This distribution gap is likely to discourage conservation support from the latter households, whose activities are the main forces degrading panda habitats. We suggest that the unequal distribution of the benefits from ecotourism can be lessened by enhancing local participation, increasing the use of local goods, and encouraging relocation of rural households closer to ecotourism facilities.     

中国典型河口湿地底栖动物优势类群比较

河口湿地大型底栖动物是重要的初级消费者,对于维持河口湿地生态系统结构和功能具有重要作用.中国南北不同气候带的河口湿地因具有独特的温盐条件,形成了不同的底栖动物群落.根据已有研究分析发现,中国河口湿地底栖动物存在明显的潮汐分带规律和南北温度分区差异.潮上带:盐度<6‰的华北暖温带河口以昆虫纲占优势,伴生环节动物和软体动物...     

微生物应急监测流动实验室建设方案探讨

微生物应急监测是生态环境应急监测的重要组成部分,流动实验室在开展水质微生物指标应急监测方面存在一定的优势.在详细梳理微生物流动实验室在环境条件、硬件设施、设备物资、监测过程以及实验室管理等方面的各项要求的基础上,以北京市某地废水微生物应急监测为案例,列举了流动实验室在"人、机、料、法、环、测"等方面采取的措施和取得的效...     

鄱阳湖-乐安河湿地水土环境中重金属污染的时空分布特征

选取流域两岸富含有色金属矿产资源的乐安河及至鄱阳湖段的典型湿地区域,分别于2012年4月(平水期)、8月(丰水期)、11月(枯水期)等不同时段采集不同样点底泥、表土、上覆水等环境样品,监测分析重金属Cu、Pb、Cd的含量,并借助统计分析方法识别乐安河湿地重金属污染的时空分布特征及其来源.结果表明,乐安河流域各样点的重金属Cu含量最高,且各样点重金属的含量值均表现为Cu>Cd>Pb.以丰水期的重金属污染最严重,平水期次之,枯水期的重金属污染最轻.重金属Cu含量的高值区出现在乐安河上游;而重金属Pb含量的高值区出现在乐安河下游及入湖区域;重金属Cd的高值区出现在乐安河中游.表征重金属Cu污染的主成分贡献率为36.99%,表征重金属Cd的主成分贡献率为30.12%.底泥Cu和上覆水Cu、河滩表土Cu含量具有较强的相关性;底泥Cd和表土Cd的含量也表现出强相关性.以上结果反映出水体、底泥和土壤中的Cu污染或Cd污染的来源具有一致性,主要来源于矿山开采排放的重金属酸性污废水;而其余组分间的相关性则表现不甚明显,反映出不同污染物的来源存在一定的差异性.