废铅酸蓄电池的回收利用和管理对策

铅酸蓄电池是目前世界上各类电池中生产量最大,使用途径最广的一种电池,回收利用和管理铅酸蓄电池是环境保护领域中一项重要工作.废铅酸蓄电池在拆解过程中产生许多废物,如处理不当,对环境危害很大.如处理得当,则会提取再生铅,使之再利用,变废为宝.文章从废铅酸蓄电池的危害及其处理现状,提出如何回收利用,如何加强环境管理,为政府部门决策提供建议.     

染料废水的内电解脱色处理研究

采用铁屑内电解法对５大类１１种模拟染料废水和印染废水进行了内电解混凝处理，得出了内电解法处理染料废水的最佳工艺条件，探讨了脱色机理，并在实际印染废水处理工程中得到有效应用。研究表明，对中等色度和浓度的模拟染料废水，脱色率均在７７％以上，在实际印染废水处理工程中采用混凝和内电解联合处理工艺，脱色率可达９６％以上。     

城市生活垃圾分类回收治理激励监督机制研究

考虑政府政策激励监督对城市生活垃圾分类回收治理的影响,构建政府监管-企业处理-居民参与的演化博弈模型,借助演化博弈理论分析4种不同情境下城市生活垃圾分类回收治理的演化稳定策略,并借助数值仿真分析了政府激励监督对各方策略选择的影响.研究发现：居民进行垃圾分类获得的收益大于参与分类的成本两倍及以上时,才会主动参与垃圾分类,否则不会主动参与分类,同时居民对政府正向激励补贴的变化比企业更为敏感.政府实施较高的负向激励力度时可有效约束企业行为,但过高的监管成本会造成垃圾回收治理的管理困境.     

VxMn(4 − x)Mo3Ce3/Ti catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

A series of vanadium based catalysts(VxMn(4-x)Mo3Ce3/Ti) with different vanadium(x wt.%) and manganese((4-x) wt.%) contents have been prepared by the wet impregnation method and investigated for selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO_x by NH_3 in the presence of 8 vol.% H_2O and 500 ppm V SO_2.The physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts were thoroughly characterized.The SCR of NO_x by NH_3(NH_3-SCR) activity, especially the low-temperature activity, significantly increased with increasing V_2O_5 content in the catalyst until the V_2O_5 content reached 1.5 wt.%, which corresponds well with the redox properties of the catalyst.All of the metal oxides were well dispersed and strongly interacted with each other on the catalyst surface.V mainly exists in the V~(5+)state in the catalysts.The strong synergistic effect between the vanadium and cerium species led to formation of more Ce~(3+)species, and that between the vanadium and manganese species contributed to formation of more manganese species with low valences.All of the catalysts exhibited strong acidity, while the redox properties determined the NH_3-SCR activity, especially the low-temperature activity.H_2O and SO_2 had severe inhibiting effects on the activity of V1.5Mn2.5Mo3Ce3/Ti.However, good H_2O and SO_2 resistance and high NO_x conversion by V1.5Mn2.5Mo3Ce3/Ti could be achieved in the presence of SO_2 and almost no decline was observed in a long-term test at 275℃ for 168 hr in the presence of SO_2 and H_2O, which can be attributed to the sulfate species formed on the catalyst surface.     

Size effect of Pt nanoparticles in acid-assisted soot oxidation in the presence of NO

Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts with mean Pt particle size ranged from 2.7 to 7.1 nm were synthesized by chemical reduction method, and the sulfated counterparts were prepared by impregnation of sulfuric acid. The turnover frequency of platinum for soot oxidation under loose contact conditions in a feed flow containing NO and O₂ are positively correlated with the size of platinum. The sulfated Pt/Al₂O₃ exhibits higher catalytic activity for soot oxidation in the presence of NO despite their reduced ability for NO₂ production. Such a contradiction is more significant for those catalysts with smaller platinum particles. Herein, the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductive coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry, CO chemisorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), NO temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) and NO_x temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Possible effect of Pt particle size for the catalytic oxidation of soot in the presence of NO was presented based primarily on the promoted NO₂ transfer efficiency onto the soot pushed by the acidic catalysts.     

“2+26”城市一次污染过程PM2.5化学组分和来源解析研究

"2+26"城市颗粒物污染严重,城市间相互影响显著,开展该区域大气颗粒物组分特征及来源解析的研究,能够为大气污染精细化管控及城市间协同控制提供科学支撑.本文对"2+26"城市2016年12月16—23日一次颗粒物污染过程中的PM_(2.5)组分数据进行了分析,使用空气质量模式CAMx-PSAT对PM_(2.5)的来源进行了解析.结果表明,本次污染过程中阳泉的PM_(2.5)最高日均浓度为137μg·m~(-3),达到中度污染;长治、太原和滨州的PM_(2.5)最高日均浓度分别为235、188、226μg·m~(-3),达到重度污染;其余城市的PM_(2.5)最高日均浓度值超过250μg·m~(-3),达到严重污染.PM_(2.5)中含量最多的4种组分为OC、NO~-_3、SO■、NH~+_4,平均占比分别为19.38%±4.37%、18.20%±3.14%、16.83%±3.55%、10.35%±1.64%,NO~-_3的占比高于SO■;Cl、Cd、Sn、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Pb和S元素的富集因子大于100,主要来自于人为排放,部分城市的Cd和As元素浓度超标,所有城市的Cr元素浓度均超标;各城市的OC/EC比值为4.96～11.60,说明有明显的二次有机颗粒物生成.模拟结果显示,PM_(2.5)本地排放贡献为10%～47%,外地贡献为15%～68%,"2+26"城市以外区域的贡献为14%～53%;民用源、工业源、农业源、交通源、电力源的贡献分别为43.70%±5.94%、29.29%±4.93%、9.68%±1.09%、9.19%±1.69%、6.27%±1.37%.本研究表明,针对颗粒物主要组分OC、NO~-_3、SO■、NH~+_4的前体物,开展民用源和工业源的减排及城市间的协同控制,才有可能达到理想的区域PM_(2.5)控制效果.     

青藏铁路未来地震灾害问题讨论

从青藏高原地震带、活动构造、活动断裂人手，讨论了该区大地震活动规律，指出东昆仑山断裂带东-西大滩段可能是未来发生大地震的最危险地段；提出了应对地震灾害的措施和建议。     

光催化氧化法降解废气中苯系物的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备以多孔泡沫镍为载体的TiO2薄膜，并用其光催化氧化降解挥发性苯系物(苯、甲苯和二甲苯)。考察了催化剂粒径、反应时间、苯系物的初始浓度、体系的相对湿度和反应温度等因素对苯系物去除率的影响。结果表明，以粒径20．7nm的TiO2为催化剂、甲苯初始质量浓度为200mg/m^3、体系的相对湿度为5％、反应温度为20—50℃、反应时间为60min条件下，甲苯的去除率达76％以上。     

超临界流体技术在化工污染治理中的应用

对于许多化工产品废物,如塑料、有毒物质、生物污泥和有机废水等,利用传统技术进行处理的效果较差。超临界流体(SCF)技术作为一种清洁环境的新技术,可用于治理化工污染物。SCF作为反应介质或反应物可替代有毒、有害有机溶剂;用作萃取剂,它是一种新型的分离技术;以SCF作移动相的色谱,可提高检测灵敏度和分辨率;将超临界水作为氧化剂,可破坏有机污染物的结构。SCF技术的应用可以大大减少环境污染。     

Effects of Zn-In-Sn elements on the electric properties of magnesium alloy anode materials

A new magnesium alloy anode is based on an environmentally friendly electrode that contains none of mercury, lead and chromate, but it can enhance the electric properties of alloy significantly. Magnesium alloy adding eco-friendly elements Zn-In-Sn which was developed by orthogonal design were obtained by two casting methods. The effect of additive elements on performance of electrode material was studied. The effects of elements addition and casting method on electric properties and corrosive properties of Mg-Zn-In-Sn alloys were investigated by using electrochemical measurements, corrosive tests and observation of surface structure. The results show that Mg-Zn-In-Sn alloy anode has higher electromotive force and more stable work potential than that commercial magnesium alloy AZ91. It is suitable for anode material of magnesium battery for its small hydrogen evolution, less self-corrosion rate and easy to shed corrosive offspring off.