菌根类型对森林树木净初级生产力的影响

菌根是土壤真菌与植物根系形成的共生体,存在于绝大多数植物（90%）的根系和生境中。菌根共有7种类型,在生态系统的过程和功能方面都扮演着十分重要的角色。为了增强对菌根在森林生态系统中重要功能的理解,文章基于全球森林数据库,在全球尺度上研究了不同菌根类型对森林树木净初级生产力（NPP）的影响。结果表明,森林树木NPP随菌根类型的不同而不同,AM类型菌根森林的NPP[679.49 g.m-2.a-1（以C计）]要显著高于含ECM类型菌根的森林[479.00 g.m-2.a-1（以C计）];菌根类型的不同对森林树木地上和地下及其各组分NPP的影响和贡献也存在着显著的不同,AM类型菌根对地下NPP的贡献要高于ECM菌根,而ECM菌根对地上NPP的贡献则较大。菌根类型对地上、地下NPP组分的影响分析则表明,AM类型的菌根对树叶和细根NPP的贡献较大,而ECM类型菌根则对树木主干和枝NPP的贡献较大。可见,森林树木总体NPP及其各组分NPP都随着菌根类型的不同而存在显著的差异。     

常温常压下水合肼对偶氮染料还原脱色反应

研究了在常压条件下,水合肼还原3种模拟偶氮染料废水并使其脱色,脱色效果用酶标仪测定,其结果表明,脱色效果较好,脱色率最高可达99%.对常压及不同温度条件下水合肼还原模拟甲基橙废水的脱色反应动力学行为及反应活化能进行了研究,结果表明,反应活化能Ea=59.236 kJ.mol-1.在常压条件下,反应符合一级动力学反应.反应产物用GC-MS、1H-NMR测定,并对反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

P and trace metal contents in biomaterials, soils, sediments and plants in colony of red-footed booby (Sula sula) in the Dongdao Island of South China Sea

Concentrations of P and trace metals Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Hg in the faeces, bones, eggshells and feathers of seabirds and in the plants, soils and sediments with and without seabird influence on Dongdao Island, South China Sea, were determined and analyzed. Among the seabird biomaterials, the levels of P, Zn, Cu and Cd are the highest in the droppings and several times those in other materials; the Hg concentration is the highest in the feathers; and the Pb content is comparable among these biomaterials. These marked differences indicate different intake-bioaccumulation-elimination pathways for different trace metals. The levels of P, Zn, Cu, Cd and Hg in the plant, soil and sediment samples with the influence of seabird droppings are significantly higher than those in the samples without, and they are significantly correlated with each other. Thus, P, Zn, Cu, Cd and Hg are very likely to have a common source-predominantly bird guano-and the faeces of red-footed booby is an important vector for the flux of nutrient phosphorus and trace metals Zn, Cu, Cd and Hg from marine to island ecosystems on Dongdao Island.     

TiO2/Li4Ti5O12/Na2Ti6O13复合催化剂的制备、表征及其光催化活性

采用反相微乳法,制备了TiO2/Li4Ti5O12/Na2Ti6O13复合催化剂,运用TG-DSC、XRD、SEM等分析方法对催化剂进行表征.在紫外光(λ=365 nm)照射下,以2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)作为目标污染物,用P-25型TiO2作对照,研究了TiO2/Li4Ti5O12/Na2Ti6O13复合催化剂光催化降解2,4-DCP的特性.结果表明,制备的TiO2/Li4Ti5O12/Na2Ti6O13复合催化剂成带状纳米结构,其长度大于5μm,宽度约60 nm,厚度小于30 nm,结晶良好,分散性高,在紫外光照射下,50 min内对20 mg·L-1的2,4-DCP降解率达到了99.8%,表现出了比P-25型TiO2更高的光催化活性.     

北京春季强沙尘过程前后的激光雷达观测

利用激光雷达、PM_2.5和地面气象要素等综合观测资料,分析了北京地区2012年3月30—31日的强沙尘过程前后的天气形势和PM_2.5的污染特征,反演了雷达探测期间得到的消光系数,探讨了沙尘过程中气溶胶的时空分布特征及输送特征. 结果表明:沙尘过境时,地面风速最大达到6m/s,沙尘沉降时ρ(PM_2.5)增至289μg/m3,相对湿度和能见度明显降低,大气低层逆温和近地面风速等气象条件对沙尘影响地面的时间和程度起到了重要作用;沙尘层雷达反演的气溶胶消光系数最大为0.96km-1,偏振比最大为0.4,近地面消光系数变化与地面ρ(PM_2.5)变化规律吻合较好,其探测可以精确反映不同天气形势下气溶胶的垂直结构和时空变化信息;高空输送至北京的沙尘以粗颗粒物为主,细粒子主要来源于本地及周边地区细粒子源;西北方向的内蒙及外蒙地区沙尘输送是导致此次北京强沙尘过程的主要原因.      

杜鹃红山茶(Camellia changii Ye)的扦插苗、嫁接苗和砧木的光合作用特征

杜鹃红山茶(Camellia changii Ye)是山茶科全年开花的珍稀种类,其自然繁殖能力差,需要人工辅助的传粉、扦插或嫁接进行繁殖。本文研究了杜鹃红山茶扦插苗、嫁接苗及其砧木(油茶,Camellia oleifera Abel)3种苗木的叶绿素荧光参数和光合作用参数。结果显示,砧木及杜鹃红山茶的嫁接苗和扦插苗的叶片电子传递速率光曲线均随着光合有效辐射的增强而逐渐升高至最大值,后趋于相对稳定或略有下降,其光饱和点均在800~1 000μmol.m-2.s-1附近。研究还表明,3种苗木的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学荧光淬灭(qP)、相对电子传递速率(rETR)、最大净光合速率(Pmax)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、瞬时水分利用效率(IWUE)和瞬时光能利用效率(ILUE)均表现为砧木>嫁接苗>扦插苗,而非荧光淬灭(NPQ)的大小顺序则为:扦插苗>嫁接苗>砧木。这些结果表明,在这3种苗木中,砧木具有高光合、高蒸腾的特点,而扦插苗的光合蒸腾能力最弱。从光合生理的角度表明砧木适应能力最强、扦插苗最弱,而嫁接苗适应能力居中,商品化生产苗木可采用嫁接方式。     

多灾种风险评估研究进展

随着灾害风险研究的深入,多灾种风险得到了越来越多的关注,多灾种风险评估理论与方法被逐渐提出并在部分区域得以应用。在厘定多灾种以及多灾种风险基本概念的基础上,系统综述了国内外有较大影响的多灾种风险评估方法及其分类体系。针对不同类型,分别选取典型案例进一步分析其评估流程和应用特点。在系统梳理当前评估方法的基础上,指出了多灾种风险评估存在灾种之间相互作用关系考虑不足、综合方法选择不够合理、难以计算多灾种绝对风险等问题,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

广东某大型铜漆包线生产线有机废气治理工程

广东金雁电工有限公司是我国生产铜漆包线电缆的十大企业之一,该厂对漆包线生产过程中所产生的以苯、甲苯、二甲苯等苯系物为主的有机废气采用"低温催化燃烧+植物提取液高能雾化吸收"的处理工艺,在常规低温催化燃烧有机废气的基础上,运用植物提取液超微气态分散的原理,强化吸收净化废气并消除燃烧臭味。经过治理,苯、甲苯、二甲苯排放浓度均低于DB 44/27—2001《广东省地方标准大气污染排放限值》污染源二级排放标准限值,并消除了臭味的影响。该工艺具有运行可靠、去除效率高、成本低廉、管理方便等优点,值得在国内同类废气治理中推广应用。     

Na2Ti6O13纳米带的制备及其光降解活性艳橙染料废水的研究

用微乳法和熔盐法结合制备出了Na2Ti6O13纳米带,并用XRD,SEM对其进行表征;研究了Na2Ti6O13在紫外光下对偶氮染料活性艳橙(X-GN)的降解,并探讨了pH值、催化剂投加量和外加H2O2氧化剂对光催化效率的影响。实验表明,Na2Ti6O13具有很好的光催化性能,30W紫外灯下光催化60min对25mg/LX-GN的降解率最高可达94.1%;反应液pH值过高或过低会影响催化剂活性,最佳pH值为5.7;一定范围内,光催化效率随催化剂投加量的增加而提高,但投加量大于1.0 g/L时,催化效率反而下降;适当投加H2O2能显著提高降解效果。     

Simultaneous pyridine biodegradation and nitrogen removal in an aerobic granular system

Simultaneous pyridine biodegradation and nitrogen removal were successfully achieved in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR) based on aerobic granules. In a typical SBR cycle, nitritation occurred obviously after the majority of pyridine was removed, while denitrification occurred at early stage of the cycle when oxygen consumption was aggravated. The effect of several key operation parameters, i.e., air flow rate, influent NH_4~+-N concentration,influent p H and pyridine concentration, on nitritation, pyridine degradation and total nitrogen(TN) removal, was systematically investigated. The results indicated that high air flow rate had a positive effect on both pyridine degradation and nitritation but a negative impact of overhigh air flow rate. With the increase of NH_4~+ dosage, both nitritation and TN removal could be severely inhibited. Slightly alkaline condition, i.e., pH 7.0–8.0, was beneficial for both pyridine degradation and nitritation. High pyridine dosage often resulted in the delay of both pyridine degradation and nitritation. Besides, extracellular polymeric substances production was affected by air flow rate, NH_4~+ dosage, pyridine dosage and p H.In addition, high-throughput sequencing analysis demonstrated that Bdellovibrio and Paracoccus were the dominant species in the aerobic granulation system. Coexistence of pyridine degrader, nitrification related species, denitrification related species, polymeric substances producer and self-aggregation related species was also confirmed by highthroughput sequencing.