An early warning method of landscape ecological security in rapid urbanizing coastal areas and its application in Xiamen, China

Based on the Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) approach, an index system for landscape ecological security (LES) was suggested using three dimensions, six factors, and three weights. The indicators in the system were divided into two groups: spatial interpolation (acquired by the remote sensing data) and non-spatial interpolation (acquired by consultation with experts). According to data of 2003 and 2006, coupled with current tendencies, the early warning method was classified into four categories: security and degradation, sub-security and slow degradation, sub-security and rapid degradation, and insecurity. Our research with early warning method finds three interesting phenomena: (1) mean value of LES in 2003 was 0.586, indicating medium security; while in 2006 it was 0.650, an upper medium security. The LES level within each districts of Xiamen in 2006 was better than the level in 2003. In terms of LES, the comprehensive condition within each district of Xiamen in 2006 was enhanced compared with 2003. Overall, there was improvement in 80.5% of areas from 2003 to 2006, showing promising signs of positive development. (2) The LES of Xiang’an District and Jimei District were in stages of high early warning given that the percentage of land in these districts that showed symptoms of insecurity and degradation was 41.03 and 34.89%, respectively. (3) On the whole, the areas that showed notable signs of insecurity and rapid landscape, and which can already be identified as early warning areas requiring immediate attention, correspond closely with the distribution of coastal industrial parks in these regions. In conclusion, the consequences of rapid industrialization and urbanization are far reaching and affect local and regional ecological security.     

化学品环境风险管理需求与战略思考

在广泛调研收集化学品环境风险与污染危害等资料基础上,结合化学品环境管理的国内外形势与现状,针对我国目前存在的化学品环境管理体制不完善、环境风险防控工作滞后和技术支撑能力不足等问题,从国家战略层面分析了我国化学品全生命周期环境与健康风险管理需求,提出了我国化学品环境风险管理中长期发展目标及行动计划。行动计划涵盖了健全化学品法律法规和制度体系、系统开展化学品危害筛查和风险评估、推动有毒有害化学品的限制与淘汰、加强有毒有害化学品环境污染防治、提升化学品风险评估与管理能力和促进产业绿色发展等方面建议,对于我国加快构建完善的化学品风险管控制度和技术体系具有重要的参考和借鉴意义。     

雷州半岛桉树人工林地力退化的成因与防治措施

通过对雷州半岛桉树人工林大面积土壤调查研究和多点田间试验,揭示了桉树人工林地力退化的成因,提出了可行的防治措施。其退化成因是桉树人工林生态系统本身的脆弱性、水土流失严重、人为因素对生物积累过程的干扰、桉树全树利用方式、耕垦的不适当以及林地养分收支严重失衡。其防治措施是增加桉树人工林生物多样性、回归林地调落于土壤、应用适当的采伐利用方式和采伐剩余物的处理方式。     

分子微生物生态学技术在中国油田开发中的应用

分子微生物生态学技术近年来在研究油藏环境中微生物群落和生态系统等方面得到了广泛的应用,已经成为指导微生物采油技术开发和应用的一个不可或缺的工具.本文较系统地总结了我国利用分子微生物生态学方法研究油藏微生物群落结构的进展,其中包括大庆油田和西北部油田的16SrRNA基因序列分析,胜利油田16SrDNA的荧光标记末端多形态限制性片断分析技术(T-RFLP),以及吉林油田应用的DNA基因跟踪检测技术,并指出了存在问题和研究方向.图1参18     

1982—2006年京津冀地区植被时空变化及其与降水和地面气温的联系

利用NOAA/AVHRR归一化植被指数（Normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）,分析过去25年（1982—2006年）京津冀地区生长季（4—10月）植被覆盖时空变化、趋势及其与降水和地面气温的联系。经验正交函数展开（EOF）、奇异值分解（SVD）及相关分析,结果表明：过去25年京津冀地区植被总体呈增加趋势,其中,河北中部地区增长速率超过3%/10 a。植被覆盖年际变化与气温变化呈正相关,但与降水变化的正相关更加显著。1989年和1999—2002年的干旱导致当年NDVI显著减少,而1990、1998年和2003—2005年降水增加使得研究区NDVI明显增加。     

鄱阳湖底泥中重金属污染现状评价

为了解丰、枯水期鄱阳湖沉积物中重金属含量以及各污染物的潜在生态危害程度,在对鄱阳湖污染现状详细调查与分析的基础上,利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对鄱阳湖底泥中的重金属污染进行综合性的评价分析,并与单因子指数评价结果相比较.结果表明,鄱阳湖底泥已经受到了不同程度的重金属污染.从总体的污染程度分析,各污染物的污染程度大小排列次序为:Cu>Pb>Zn>Cd,这与单因子指数法评价结果一致;各污染物对鄱阳湖生态风险构成危害的影响程度排列次序为:Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu;污染的地区和时间差异大,各采样点污染程度排序为:鄱阳饶河>鄱阳湖龙口>鄱阳湖南矶山>星子冬枯山>星子渔民村,且枯水期普遍大于丰水期.     

Reproductive toxicity assessment of surface water of the Tai section of the Yangtze River, China by in vitro bioassays coupled with chemical analysis

Reproductive toxicity of organic extracts of the surface water from the Tai section of the Yangtze River was assessed by in vitro cytotoxity assays and selected persistent organic pollutants including PCBs, OCPs and PAHs were quantified by instrumental analysis. Eleven of the US EPA priority PAHs were detected. Individual PAHs were found to range from 0.7 to 20 ng/L. Concentrations of BaP did not exceed the national drinking water source quality standard of China. However, a 286-fold concentrated organic extract induced significant reproductive toxicity in adult male rats. The morphology of cells, MTT assay and LDH release assay were all affected by exposure to the organic extracts of water. The results of the reproductive toxicity indicated that PAHs posed the greatest risk of the chemicals studied. The compounds present in the water could be bioconcentrated and result in adverse effects.     

生物沸石反应器在微污染水源水处理中的应用

首次利用生物沸石反应器去除微污染水源水中的 NH₃^- N、NO^-₂ - N、Mn、有机物、色度、浊度等 .经长期运行测试 ,生物沸石反应器对 NH₃^- N平均去除率可达 93%,对 NO^-₂ - N的平均去除率为 90 %,对有机物可去除 32 %,并提出了反应器的最佳过滤速度为 8～10 m/h,最佳填料填充高度为 600～800 mm.生物沸石反应器具有和生物活性炭、生物陶粒一样的性能 .该技术为微污染水源水质净化提供了一种新材料 ,新途径 .     

流域水生态功能分区方法与指标体系探讨

水生态功能分区是识别流域水生态系统特征、结构与功能的主要依据,它能够反映区域水生态系统的主要生态功能状况及其所面临的潜在压力。因此,建立基于生态功能分区的水质管理技术体系,是中国水生态管理的必然发展趋势,也是国际水质管理的前沿方向。拟从水生态功能分区的研究现状,比较国内外相关的研究工作,探讨不同等级生态分区方法及指标体系的构建依据。     

三亚城市景观变化的监测研究

区域生态环境变化的动态监测是自然资源合理利用和区域环境保护中急需解决的问题。本项研究采用了遥感技术,对三亚城市景观中不同景观组分的优势度值和边界形状等空间结构指标,对林木覆盖率和生物量等景观稳定状况指标进行了监测,同时配合了典型采样和勘测等地面工作,提高监测数据的可信度。在此基础上建立了区域生态环境变化监测体系和Sanya－Landscape信息系统,对三亚城市生态环境变化趋势进行了评价,准确地反映了该区域生态环境的现状和特征,为三亚城市生态环境的规划和管理提供了科学依据。结果证明,本研究采用的指标及指标的采集方法是区域生态环境动态监测的有效手段。