一株苯酚降解菌的筛选鉴定及响应面法优化其降解

从某化工厂污水处理车间活性污泥中分离、筛选到一株能以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株YH8.基于形态特征、生理生化特性、BIOLOG细菌自动鉴定系统、16S rDNA和gyrB基因序列同源性分析鉴定菌株YH8,鉴定菌株YH8为Acinetobacter guillouiae.在苯酚浓度低于1200 mg·L-1,温度为26~34℃,pH为7.0~10.0时,菌株YH8培养60 h对苯酚的降解率达70%以上.运用单因素实验初步确定苯酚降解的最适外加碳源和氮源分别为山梨醇和NaNO3,最适温度为30℃,最适初始pH为9.0,最适接种量为5%.为了提高菌株YH8的降解率,首先利用Plackett-Burman实验设计评估并筛选出影响苯酚降解的3个关键因素为初始pH、苯酚浓度、山梨醇浓度.用最陡爬坡实验逼近以上3个因子的最大响应区域,采用Box-Behnken实验设计及响应面法分析,确定其最优降解条件为初始pH 9.26、苯酚浓度1163.63 mg·L-1、山梨醇浓度7.81%、接种量5%、NaNO_3浓度2%、温度30℃、培养时间96 h,在此条件下苯酚降解率可达98.95%.苯酚降解酶活性及酶定域实验表明,菌株YH8相关降解酶为胞内酶,且苯酚可诱导苯酚羟化酶(LmPH)和邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶(C_(12)O)的合成.通过降解酶特异性引物从菌株YH8扩增得到LmPH和C12O基因片段,经质粒检测和消除实验发现菌株YH8相关降解基因位于质粒上.此外,菌株YH8能耐受高浓度NaCl和多种重金属离子,对多种抗生素具有抗性.     

ACCU采样和PIXE技术用于PM10污染溯源的研究

使用美国RP公司生产的多通道自动采样系统(ACCU)在上海吴淞工业区进行冬季3个月8个不同风向的PM10采样；使用质子激发X荧光发射方法(PIXE)测定颗粒物中18个无机元素浓度．结果发现，8个风向的质量浓度分布取决于不同方位的大气质量状况．将大气颗粒物中的元素浓度作为环境污染指纹，8个方位的无机元素浓度分布与采样点周围的居民住宅、道路交通和工矿企业的排放密切相关，表明该方法能准确地确定排放源的范围和污染来源．研究结果表明，ACCU采样系统和PIXE分析技术的优化组合可为大气污染溯源、治理和改善环境空气质量提供一种快速和准确可靠的新方法．     

基于积尘负荷的西安市铺装道路扬尘排放研究

近年来城市颗粒物污染问题日渐突出,严重影响着人们的环境幸福指数和对美好环境的期待.道路扬尘作为城市扬尘的重要组成部分,对颗粒物污染的贡献不容小觑.在此背景下,采用积尘负荷法采集西安市快速路、主干道、次干道、支路等4种类型25条道路的道路扬尘样品,并分析采样速率、采样次数等因素对采样效率的影响.在此基础上,计算得到西安市各类型道路的平均积尘负荷,结合车流量、车重、道路长度,通过《扬尘源颗粒物排放清单技术指南》中的公式计算得到各种类型道路TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的排放系数及排放量.结果显示：采样速率为1.0 m²·min^-1,采样次数为两次可满足采样要求.不同类型道路积尘顺序为：支路（4.18 g·m^-2）>次干道（2.80 g·m^-2）>快速路（1.49 g·m^-2）>主干路（1.34 g·m^-2）;道路积尘TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的平均排放系数分别为6.066、1.542和0.447 g·km^-1.快速路和主干路的扬尘排放系数较小,支路的扬尘排放系数次之,次干路的扬尘排放系数较大.采用Monte Carlo方法对TSP、PM₁₀和PM_2.5的排放量进行不确定性分析,在95%的概率分布范围下,三者定量不确定性均为-16.88%~17.96%.     

室内氡污染的控制方法

介绍了消除氡源、控制氡源、通风和空气净化等现有房屋室内氡污染的防治方法,以及控制未来房屋内氡污染的方法。     

扬子型铜矿床矿物稀土元素地球化学

本文较系统研究了扬子型铜矿床中有代表性的菱铁矿、胶黄铁矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铜矿及部分脉石矿物的稀土元素组成及特征，总结了展状矿石中和矽卡岩矿石中矿物稀土元素组成的特点及二者之间存在的明显差别，从一个方面探索扬子型铜矿床的成因。     

多氯联苯醚类化合物污染研究进展

综述了当前国际上多氯联苯醚的研究现状,详细论述了环境中多氯联苯醚的来源、毒性效应、污染状况、迁移转化和生物富集规律以及多氯联苯醚形成机制.我国关于多氯联苯醚类污染物的研究相对滞后,当前开展适合我国国情的多氯联苯醚物质的环境水平、生态安全与毒理学研究十分必要.     

Estimation and characterization of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs from Chinese iron foundries

The iron foundry industry is considered to be a potential source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This study investigated the emission factors and total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) from iron foundries in China. The concentrations and the World Health Organization toxicity equivalents (WHO-TEQs) are presented and the congener profiles are discussed in this paper.In the present work, 26 fly ash samples were collected and tested to quantify the PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs generated by 14 plants of different scales, and five stack gas samples were collected from two (named as EFG and LFG) of those plants. The emission levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs indicated that hot-air cupolas had lower emissions than cold-air cupolas. When iron ore lump and sinter were used as raw material, the emission factors were about 250 ng TEQ t⁻¹ of product. However, if the raw material was scrap, the emission factors varied owing to the different contents of organic materials in the raw materials. It was found that the mean WHO-TEQ values of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 144 and 34.2 pg Nm⁻³ in stack gas and 20.0 and 1.58 pg g⁻¹ in fly ash. In multiple tests, it was estimated that the mean emission factors of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 365 and 10.9 ng WHO-TEQ t⁻¹ released to residue and 2719 and 555 ng TEQ t⁻¹ released to air. The total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from Chinese iron foundries with cupola furnaces released to residue and air were 16.8 and 146 g WHO-TEQ in 2008, respectively.     

Estimation and characterization of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutant emission from converter steelmaking processes

Unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UP-POPs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were characterized and quantified in stack gas and fly ash from the second ventilation systems in five typical converters in five different steelmaking plants. The 2378-substituted PCDD/Fs (2378-PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCBs) toxic equivalents (TEQs) were 1.84–10.3 pg WHO-TEQ Nm^?3 in the stack gas and 5.59–87.6 pg WHO-TEQ g^?1 in the fly ash, and the PCN TEQs were 0.06–0.56 pg TEQ Nm^?3 in the stack gas and 0.03–0.08 pg TEQ g^?1 in the fly ash. The concentrations of UP-POPs in the present study were generally lower than those in other metallurgical processes, such as electric arc furnaces, iron ore sintering, and secondary metallurgical processes. Adding scrap metal might increase UP-POP emissions, indicating that raw material composition was a key influence on emissions. HxCDF, HpCDF, OCDF, HpCDD, and OCDD were the dominant PCDD/Fs in the stack gas and fly ash. TeCB and PeCB were dominant in the stack gas, but HxCB provided more to the total PCB concentrations in the fly ash. The lower chlorinated PCNs were dominant in all of the samples. The 2378-PCDD/F, dl-PCB, and PCN emission factors in stack gases from the steelmaking converter processes (per ton of steel produced) were 1.88–2.89, 0.14–0.76_, and 229–759 μg t^?1, respectively.     

固定化藻菌对珍珠蚌养殖废水中TN和TP去除效果的影响

将小球藻与有效微生物菌群(简称EM菌)、小球藻与活性污泥、小球藻与EM菌及活性污泥在同等条件下进行固定化处理,形成藻菌胶球(分别简称为CE、CA、CEA藻菌胶球),研究了3种藻菌胶球对珍珠蚌养殖废水中TN、TP的去除效果以及光照度、温度对3者脱氯除磷的影响,同时以无包埋藻菌胶球作为对照组进行96 h持续去TN、TP实验...     

北京市典型废弃物焚烧源2010—2017年二NFDA1英排放特征和减排效果分析

分析2010—2017年北京市三类典型废弃物焚烧源的废气二NFDA1英排放监测数据,计算排放因子和排放量,评估减排政策成效,并分析不同排放源达标排放时同类物分布特征异同和变化规律,探讨影响排放的重要因素。结果表明: 5家焚烧源平均排放浓度为 0.008～0.069 ng/m³(以TEQ计,下同),废气二NFDA1英排放因子为 0.027～1.7 μg/t,2016年向空气中排放的二NFDA1英量为 0.002 5～0.058 g;生活垃圾、危险废物和医疗废物焚烧源的低、高氯代同类物质量分数比的平均值分别为接近于 0.5、大于0.5和小于0.5,危险废物焚烧源的 ∑PCDFs、∑PCDDs质量分数比的平均值大于2; 123478-HxCDF和123678-HxCDF质量浓度接近且线性相关,具有相近的生成机理和去除效率; I-TEQ变化趋势与∑PCDFs质量分数的变化趋势基本一致,活性炭喷射和布袋除尘的去除效率是影响二NFDA1英排放的重要因素之一;危险废物焚烧源HWI1随运行时间增加排放浓度增加,而及时更换烟道管壁有助于消除“记忆效应”的不良影响。