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171.
Jacqueline Geoghegan Deborah Lawrence Laura C. Schneider Katherine Tully 《Regional Environmental Change》2010,10(3):247-260
To assess the impact of land-use change on carbon stocks, we apply a new methodology, linking ecological and economic modeling,
to southern Yucatan, Mexico. A spatial econometric multinomial logit model of ten land-cover classes is estimated (four primary
forest categories, three secondary growth categories, an invasive species, and two agricultural land-cover categories), using
satellite data on land cover, linked with census socioeconomic data and other biophysical spatial data from 2000. The analysis
is novel in that it is the first attempt to link detailed satellite data on land use, with on-the-ground estimates of carbon
stocks in a spatial econometric model of land use. The estimated multinomial logit model is then used with two scenarios of
future economic growth (“low growth” and “high growth” changes in population, agricultural land use, market access, and education
levels) in the region to predict land-cover changes resulting from the economic growth. The per hectare carbon (C) stocks
in each land-cover class are derived from previously published estimates of biomass from field sampling across the study region.
We consider aboveground-only, aboveground plus soil, transient and non-transient pools of carbon. These estimates are scaled
up to the total area in each class according to the predictions of the model baseline and the two development scenarios. Subsequently,
the changes in carbon stocks resulting from the predicted land-cover changes are calculated. Under the low growth scenario,
carbon stocks declined by 5%; under the high growth scenario, losses were 12%. Including soil C, the proportional losses were
lower, but the absolute amount lost was more than double (to 6 Tg C under the low and almost 15 Tg C under the high-growth
scenario). This methodology could be further developed for applications in global change policy, such as payments for environmental
services (PES) or reduction in emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). 相似文献
172.
A Rapid Method to Score Stream Reaches Based on the Overall Performance of Their Main Ecological Functions 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
David K. Rowe Stephanie Parkyn John Quinn Kevin Collier Chris Hatton Michael K. Joy John Maxted Stephen Moore 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1287-1300
A method was developed to score the ecological condition of first- to third-order stream reaches in the Auckland region of
New Zealand based on the performance of their key ecological functions. Such a method is required by consultants and resource
managers to quantify the reduction in ecological condition of a modified stream reach relative to its unmodified state. This
is a fundamental precursor for the determination of fair environmental compensation for achieving no-net-loss in overall stream
ecological value. Field testing and subsequent use of the method indicated that it provides a useful measure of ecological
condition related to the performance of stream ecological functions. It is relatively simple to apply compared to a full ecological
study, is quick to use, and allows identification of the degree of impairment of each of the key ecological functions. The
scoring system was designed so that future improvements in the measurement of stream functions can be incorporated into it.
Although the methodology was specifically designed for Auckland streams, the principles can be readily adapted to other regions
and stream types. 相似文献
173.
Coupling occurs before breakdown during biotransformation of Acid Blue 62 by white rot fungi 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Vanhulle S Enaud E Trovaslet M Billottet L Kneipe L Habib Jiwan JL Corbisier AM Marchand-Brynaert J 《Chemosphere》2008,70(6):1097-1107
Only few data exist on the metabolites produced during the biotransformation of anthraquinonic dyes by white rot fungi (WRF). During the biotransformation of an anthraquinonic dye Acid Blue 62 (ABu62) using Pycnoporus sanguineus MUCL 41582 strain, it was previously demonstrated that the blue colour of the medium turned to red before complete dye decolourisation. To better understand the phenomenon, this study carried out ABu62 biotransformation with five different WRF strains (Coriolopsis polyzona MUCL 38443, Perenniporia ochroleuca MUCL 41114, Perenniporia tephropora MUCL 41562, P. sanguineus MUCL 38531 and Trametes versicolor MUCL 38412) and compared with P. sanguineus MUCL 41582 previously described. A multi-methodological approach (using capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, HPLC, UV, NMR and IR spectroscopies) was developed to characterise the metabolites involved and monitor their apparition. Seven metabolites were commonly found with all strains, suggesting a common metabolic pathway for ABu62 biotransformation. During the first days, dimer and oligomers of the initial ABu62 molecule were observed: the main one absorbed in the 500nm region, explaining the red colour appearance of the medium. This main metabolite was made up of two molecules of ABu62 linked by an azo bond, minus a cyclohexyl moiety. After a longer incubation time, breakdown products were observed. Based on these products characterizations, a bioconversion pathway was proposed. 相似文献
174.
We model the climate change issue as a pollution control game with the purpose of comparing two possible departures from the business as usual (BAU) where countries noncooperatively choose their emission levels. In the first scenario, players have to agree on a global emission cap (GEC) that is enforced by a uniform taxation scheme. They still behave strategically when choosing emission levels but are now subject to the coupled constraint imposed by the cap. The second scenario consists of the implementation of an international cap and trade (ICT) system. In this case, players decide on their emission quotas, and emission trading is allowed. A three heterogenous player quadratic game serves as a basis for the analysis. When the cap is binding, among all the coupled constraints Nash equilibria, we select a particular normalized equilibrium by solving a variational inequality. Comparing the normalized equilibrium with the Nash equilibria of the BAU and the ICT, we first show that if the cap is appropriately chosen, then the GEC system improves all players’ payoffs, relative to the BAU. The GEC system may thus be unanimously approved whereas the ICT is not, because moving from the BAU to the ICT is costly for one player. Second, for some values of the cap, all players get a higher payoff under the GEC than under the ICT. Therefore, the GEC outperforms the ICT both in terms of feasibility and efficiency. 相似文献
175.
Theodora J. Stewart Jacqueline Traber Alexandra Kroll Renata Behra Laura Sigg 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(5):3214-3223
A protocol was developed to extract, fractionate, and quantitatively analyze periphyton extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which obtains both information on the molecular weight (M r) distribution and protein and polysaccharide content. The EPS were extracted from freshwater periphyton between July and December 2011. Organic carbon (OC) compounds from different EPS extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection–organic nitrogen detection (LC-OCD-OND), and total protein and polysaccharide content were quantified. Four distinct OC fractions, on the basis of M r, were identified in all extracts, corresponding to high M r biopolymers (≥80–4 kDa), degradation products of humic substances (M r not available), low M r acids (10–0.7 kDa), and small amphiphilic/neutral compounds (3–0.5 kDa). Low C/N ratios (4.3?±?0.8) were calculated for the biopolymer fractions, which represented 16–38 % of the measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC), indicating a significant presence of high M r proteins in the EPS. Protein and polysaccharide represented the two major components of EPS and, when combined, accounted for the measured DOC in extracts. Differences in specific OC fractions of EPS extracts over the course of the study could be quantified using this method. This study suggests that LC-OCD-OND is a new valuable tool in EPS characterization of periphyton. 相似文献
176.
Jacqueline S. Hubert Robert M. Candelaria Bernard Rosenblum Howard G. Applegate 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):259-261
In an era when the cost of compliance with state and federal environmental laws is rapidly rising, sometimes entities, such as operators of waste sites, are unable to pay these and other operating costs and are forced to file for bankruptcy. Citing Midlantic Nat'l Bank v. N.J. Dep't of Envtl. Protection and state environmental laws, bankruptcy trustees may be suing PRPs in bankruptcy courts to share the costs to clean up debtors' waste sites. This article suggests strategies by which PRPs can avoid litigating such lawsuits in the bankruptcy courts and instead resolve them before state and/or federal forums—where they properly belong. 相似文献
177.
Paul V. Doskey Joseph H. Aldstadt Jacqueline M. Kuo Molly S. Costanza 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1081-1085
Abstract Materials that will be used to construct an in situ, on-line purging system for the cone penetrometer were evaluated. Transfer efficiencies for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, and Teflon® tubings were determined using a gas-phase mixture of VOCs containing trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, 1,1,1- trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, hexane, benzene, toluene, and 1,2-dimethylbenzene. The water content of the gas stream had an insignificant effect on the quantitative transfer of VOCs through Teflon® tubing but was critical to efficiently transfer the compounds through metal tubing, particularly nickel. Transfer efficiencies for all eight analytes in moist gas streams through stainless steel were greater than 95%. Toluene, tetrachloroethene, and 1,2-dimethylbenzene were transferred with 93%, 81%, and 80% efficiency, respectively, when they were drawn through Teflon® PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) tubing. In general, the retention of the VOCs by Teflon® increases with decreasing aqueous solubility of the analyte. The efficiencies at which VOCs were purged from aqueous standards in Teflon® PFA, Type 304 stainless steel, and glass vessels were similar. Stainless steel was superior to nickel, aluminum, and the Teflon® polymers as a material for an in situ, on-line purging system for the cone penetrometer. 相似文献
178.
Modeling heterogeneous ClNO2 formation,chloride availability,and chlorine cycling in Southeast Texas
H. Simon Y. Kimura G. McGaughey D.T. Allen S.S. Brown D. Coffman J. Dibb H.D. Osthoff P. Quinn J.M. Roberts G. Yarwood S. Kemball-Cook D. Byun D. Lee 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(40):5476-5488
Nitryl Chloride (ClNO2) mixing ratios above 1 ppbv have been measured off the coast of Southeast Texas. ClNO2 formation, the result of heterogeneous N2O5 uptake on chloride-containing aerosols, has a significant impact on oxidant formation for the Houston area. This work reports on the modeling of ClNO2 formation and describes the sensitivity of ClNO2 formation to key parameters. Model sensitivity analyses found that: (1) Chloride availability limits the formation of nitryl chloride at ground level but not aloft; (2) When excess particulate chloride was assumed to be present at ground level through sea salt, ClNO2 concentrations increased in some locations by a factor of 13, as compared to cases where sea salt chloride was assumed to be limited; (3) Inland formation of ClNO2 seems feasible based on chloride availability and could have a large impact on total ClNO2 formed in the region; and (4) ClNO2 formation is quite sensitive to the assumed yield of ClNO2 from N2O5 uptake. These results demonstrate that there is a need for further field studies to better understand the geographic extent of ClNO2 formation and the atmospheric conditions which control partitioning of chloride into the particle phase. In addition, this work examined the role of ClNO2 in the cycling of chlorine between chloride and reactive chlorine radicals. The modeling indicated that the majority of reactive chlorine in Texas along the Gulf coast is cycled through ClNO2, demonstrating the importance of including ClNO2 into photochemical models for this region. 相似文献
179.
Pharmaceutical compounds are considered the new environmental pollutants but at present few studies have evaluated their ecotoxicity on aquatic invertebrates. This study was aimed to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity of four common drugs, namely atenolol (ATL), carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac (DCF) and gemfibrozil (GEM), on three different cell typologies from the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): haemocytes, gill and digestive gland cells. Results obtained by the Trypan blue exclusion test revealed that exposure to increasing concentrations (0.001; 0.01; 0.1; 1 and 10 mg L−1) of CBZ, DCF and GEM were able to significantly decrease the viability of each cell type, while the MTT (3(4,5-dimethyl-2thiazholyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) reduction assay highlighted only a slight reduction of mitochondrial activity of gill and digestive gland cells. Overall, DCF was the most cytotoxic drug for zebra mussel cells, followed by GEM, CBZ, while ATL has not a noteworthy toxic potential. Our preliminary results lay the groundwork for further in vitro evaluations, which will allow a better definition of the potential toxicity of these drugs. 相似文献
180.
Russo J Lefeuvre-Orfila L Lagadic L 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,146(2):420-427
Responses of circulating hemocytes were studied in Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to 10, 30, 90, and 270 microg/L fomesafen for 24 and 504 h. Flow cytometry was used to quantify fomesafen-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytic activity on Escherichia coli, and oxidative burst when hemocytes were challenged by E. coli or phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Lysosomal membrane damage was assessed, using the neutral-red retention time (NRRT) assay. Exposure to fomesafen for 24 h resulted in increase in ROS levels and decreases in phagocytosis and the oxidative burst in PMA-stimulated hemocytes. After 504 h, intracellular levels of ROS returned to normal, but phagocytosis of E. coli was still inhibited and the associated oxidative burst significantly reduced. After both durations of exposure, decreases of NRRT indicated that lysosome membrane fragility increased with fomesafen concentration. Potential implications for the health and survival of the snails and consequences on populations are discussed. 相似文献