盐度对序批式反应器与间歇曝气膜生物反应器污水处理效果的影响

采用序批式反应器(SBR)与间歇曝气膜生物反应器(IAMBR)处理模拟生活污水,考察了进水盐度对两反应器污水处理效果的影响。研究表明,当进水盐度为0g/L(以NaCl质量浓度计,下同)时,SBR和IAMBR对总有机碳(TOC)、NH4+-N及TN的去除能力相当,IAMBR未表现出明显的优势;当进水盐度为10g/L时,SBR和IAMBR对TOC、NH4+-N及TN的去除产生明显的差异。IAMBR因为膜的截留与微生物富集作用,对污染物的去除无明显变化,依然保持了较高的污染物去除率,而SBR受盐度冲击影响较大,TOC、NH4+-N及TN的去除率均大幅降低,说明IAMBR具有较高的抗盐度冲击性能。     

Vegetation exposure to ozone over the continental United States: Assessment of exposure indices by the Eta-CMAQ air quality forecast model

The main use of air quality forecast (AQF) models is to predict ozone (O₃) exceedances of the primary O₃ standard for informing the public of potential health concerns. This study presents the first evaluation of the performance of the Eta-CMAQ air quality forecast model to predict a variety of widely used seasonal mean and cumulative O₃ exposure indices associated with vegetation using the U.S. AIRNow O₃ observations. These exposure indices include two concentration-based O₃ indices, M7 and M12 (the seasonal means of daytime 7-h and 12-h O₃ concentrations, respectively), and three cumulative exposure-based indices, SUM06 (the sum of all hourly O₃ concentrations ≥ 0.06 ppm), W126 (hourly concentrations weighed by a sigmoidal weighting function), and AOT40 (O₃ concentrations accumulated over a threshold of 40 ppb during daylight hours). During a three-month simulation (July–September 2005), the model over predicted the M7 and M12 values by 8–9 ppb, or a NMB value of 19% and a NME value of 21%. The model predicts a central belt of high O₃ extending from Southern California to Middle Atlantic where the seasonal means, M7 and M12 (the seasonal means of daytime 7-h and 12-h O₃ concentrations), are higher than 50 ppbv. In contrast, the model is less capable of reproducing the observed cumulative indices. For AOT40, SUM06 and W126, the NMB and NME values are two- to three-fold of that for M7, M12 or peak 8-h O₃ concentrations. The AOT40 values range from 2 to 33 ppm h by the model and from 1 to 40 ppm h by the monitors. There is a significantly higher AOT40 value experienced in the United States in comparison to Europe. The domain-wide mean SUM06 value is 14.4 ppm h, which is about 30% higher than W126, and 40% higher than AOT40 calculated from the same 3-month hourly O₃ data. This suggests that SUM06 and W126 represent a more stringent standard than AOT40 if either the SUM06 or the W126 was used as a secondary O₃ standard. Although CMAQ considerably over predicts SUM06 and W126 values at the low end, the model under predicts the extreme high exposure values (>50 ppm h). Most of these extreme high values are found at inland California sites. Based on our analysis, further improvement of the model is needed to better capture cumulative exposure indices.     

Chemical characteristics of long-range transport aerosol at background sites in Korea

In this study, background concentration sites of Deokjeok and Gosan, which were deemed suitable for monitoring the impact of long-range transported air pollutants, were selected. An investigation of the source types of pollutants, their locations, and relative quantitative contributions to the particulate concentrations at both sites using appropriate methodologies to make initial estimations was conducted. Episodic measurements of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and size distribution, along with its ion and carbon components were performed from 2005 to 2007, and a comprehensive analysis of the results was conducted utilizing back trajectory analysis. As for frequency of wind direction, it was quite apparent that the two sites are heavily influenced by air masses originating from the eastern and northern regions of China. For PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, the mass concentrations from north and east China were higher than other cases, originating from the ocean. In the northerly-wind case, meteorological properties for Deokjeok and Gosan and the influence of carbon emissions from northwest Korea resulted in a changing of air mass properties during transport. As was the case with mass concentration, the highest contribution for ionic and carbon components of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ for both sites appeared for the westerly wind case. A specially high relative contribution, greater than 1.4 times, was apparent in the secondary aerosol case because of a large influence of long-range transported pollutants from east China. Carbon components exhibited different behaviors for the northerly and westerly wind cases compared with secondary aerosol. The major reason for this discrepancy appears to be the carbon emissions from northwest Korea.     

大鹏湾环境容量研究Ⅱ:环境容量规划

采用基于响应场的线性规划方法,考虑非点源与湾外污染物输入形成的本底值,结合深圳沿岸排污口的分布计算了大鹏湾的环境容量,并给出了总量分配方案.结果表明,大鹏湾物理自净能力差,但水体容量大,具有较大的稀释容量,加上污染物的生化降解,大鹏湾具有较大的环境容量.BOD5、总氮、总磷的最大允许排放总量分别为79.0,11.418,0.86t/d,BOD5、总氮、总磷的剩余环境容量分别为61.34,9.318,0.43t/d.     

长江三角洲地区大气污染过程分析

针对2015年和2016年12月2个月的4次污染过程,利用中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）Terra卫星的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）,Angstrom波长指数（AE）气溶胶数据,并结合PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度以及比值变化分析,发现以PM_2.5为代表的人为因素产生的细颗粒物是造成研究地区污染发生的重要因素.并且利用MODIS火点数据以及美国海军气溶胶分析与预测系统（NAAPS）模拟分析污染物成分,发现2015年12月12~16日和19~27日2次污染都以人为因素产生的细粒子污染物为主,沙尘以及生物质燃烧产生的烟粒对研究地区影响较小.2016年12月6~10日和15~18日2次污染过程产生的原因不同,利用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）分析发现6~10日污染天气的产生主要是由西北方向含有大量沙尘粒子气流以及南方生物质燃烧产生的大量烟粒共同输送到研究地区,加之研究地区大量人为污染细粒子的产生,导致了此次混合型污染天气发生.15~18日污染过程与2015年2次污染过程相似,主要原因都在于人为因素产生的细颗粒污染物的影响,沙尘以及烟粒对污染过程起到了加剧的作用.     

2013年吉林前郭5级震群的前兆异常分析

2013年吉林前郭发生一次5级震群活动,震群发生前,周边地区前兆出现了若干测项不同时间、不同形态的异常。整理了前郭震群发生前流体、形变、地电学科出现的典型异常,其中丰满水氡、丰满台垂直摆倾斜仪、榆树地电出现破年变、低值下降,异常最早开始于2010年3月;而前郭水温、白城水温、乾安水温出现转折下降,异常多发生在震前一周内,可见此次震群发生前前兆中期异常和临震异常较为突出,中期异常出现时间早,且距震中较远,而临震异常突出且时间较为集中,距震中较近,中期和临震异常的空间演化范围呈现由外围向近场区迁移的现象。     

基于正态模糊数的区域土壤重金属污染综合评价

针对土壤重金属污染评价的不确定性,采用模糊数对其进行描述.在土壤重金属含量满足正态或对数正态分布检验基础上,构建了基于正态模糊数的区域土壤重金属污染综合评价方法.以江苏省T市为例进行评价方法实证分析,结果表明:除As出现轻度污染外,其他重金属含量均处于清洁水平,其中Hg、Cu、Zn处于局部轻度污染状态,各重金属富集污染程度排序为:As ＞Cu＞ Hg＞ Zn＞ Ni＞ Cr＞ Cd＞ Pb,研究区土壤重金属污染综合评价为清洁水平,As、Hg、Cu 、Zn应该作为相关部门污染控制的重点对象.与传统的三角模糊数方法的评价结果相比,该方法能更为精确的描述不同重金属含量的隶属度大小,评价结果所包含的信息更为全面、准确.     

危险与可操作性分析实际运用中的问题

对危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)方法在实际运用中存在着诸多问题予以分析总结,并对这些问题的解决进行简要的说明.     

人工湿地处理低水平放射性废水的技术可行性

针对低水平放射性废水的特点,结合人工湿地的去除机理,对湿地植物、基质和微生物在放射性废水处理中的原理和作用进行了分析,分析认为湿地植物通过植物提取、根际过滤和植物固定对低放重金属进行去除,基质的吸附和微生物的吸收、吸附及转化作用也是低放重金属去除的重要途径。并且阐述了当前的技术难点和未来的研究方向,指出在植物培育与选择、微生物的筛选及驯化、基质的选择和湿地系统的安全措施等方面还存在很多的难点。分析表明,应用人工湿地处理低水平放射性废水在技术上是可行的。