大连湾污染排放总量控制研究：海湾纳污能力计算模型

基于质量守恒原理和线性迭加原理，导出了受纳水域对污染源的响应关系，建立了海域污染总量控制的计算模式，计算了大连湾的容许入海负荷总量，各排污口的污染分担率和削减率，为大连湾污染源治理提供了科学依据。     

Synthesis of a novel humic acid-based polycarboxylic dispersant for coal water slurry

A novel humic acid-based polycarboxylic-type (HAP) dispersant for coal–water slurry (CWS) was successfully synthesized in aqueous solution from the copolymerization of HA, acrylic acid and maleic acid. The structure of HAP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG) and ¹H NMR. With HAP as a dispersant for Linfen coal slurry, the effects of the mass ratio of HA and monomer, initiator concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time on the HAP dispersant performance were discussed by examining the apparent viscosity of CWS. The results showed that CWS prepared withHAP dispersant performed excellent dispersity and stability. When the dosage of HAP was up to 0.5 wt.%, the apparent viscosity of CWS was 505 mPa·s. Experiments on the stability of CWS containing 0.5 wt.% HAP demonstrated that the penetration ratio reached 85.45 % after 96 h, which was higher by 12.87 % than that of CWS prepared with HA. And the CWS produced with HAP had lower dewatering rate within the storage time, which was less 1.85 % than that of CWS with HA when the storage time was 72 h. Furthermore, the maximum coal content of CWS with 0.5 wt.% HAP may reached 70 wt.%. This work found a new route for utilizing humic acid and enlarged the selecting range of the dispersant for CWS. It has a positive significance for protection of environment.     

矿业环境相邻关系立法初探

矿业环境相邻关系的界定是相应环境产权私人化的途径。由矿业环境相邻权与矿业成员环境权双向对接组成的环境相邻关系,通过法律来约束矿山企业的环境相邻权和激励相邻对方的成员环境权而共同保护矿业环境。矿山企业一方给相邻对方合理施加容忍义务,相邻对方应当容忍非实质性的或当地通行的影响。成员环境权的保护,是基于物权而行使消除危险、排除妨害和恢复原状的请求权,基于债权而行使侵害赔偿请求权。     

邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物生物降解动力学

用改进的鼓泡衰变实验装置,对五种邻苯二甲酸酯进行生物降解反应动力学研究。发现氮单胞菌属(Azomonas)是降解这类化合物的有效菌种,除邻苯二甲酸二辛酯外,其它四种在经过28天反应之后,降解率在98%以上。生物降解反应速率符合一级反应动力学方程。     

重庆市大气TSP中重金属分布特征

分析了重庆市主城 7区渝中区、九龙坡区、渝北区、南岸区、江北区、沙坪坝区以及清洁对照区 (北碚区 )的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)监测结果。结果表明 :重庆市 7区中 ,只有渝中区和北碚区达到国家二级标准 ,而九龙坡区、渝北区、江北区、南岸区和沙坪坝区均超过国家二级标准 (<0 .2 mg/ m3) ,说明重庆市颗粒物污染严重 ,空气质量不容乐观。用等离子体发射光谱仪 (ICP- AES)测定分析了 TSP中 5种重金属 ,结果显示 :九龙坡区 Cd和 Pb含量平均值最高分别为 0 .0 1 2 1μg/ m3,0 .4632μg/ m3,Zn的含量渝中区最高为 1 .52 2 5μg/m3,Cu和 Cr的含量沙坪坝区最高分别为 0 .1 2 96μg/ m3、0 .471 9μg/ m3。富集因子法分析结果显示 :主城 7区 TSP中 5种重金属的富集系数均大于 1 0 ,而且大 1～ 3个数量级 ,说明重庆市的重金属污染主要来自于人类活动。     

京津廊城市气团光化学污染潜势分析

选取京津廊三市交界处,于2019年和2021年的7月开展PAN (过氧乙酰硝酸酯)在线监测、空间来源解析与反应产率研究,以评估北京、天津、廊坊不同城市气团的光化学污染潜势及近年变化趋势.观测结果表明,三市交界处2021年夏季PAN浓度均值(0.89±0.21)×10^-9,较2019年同期(2.45±0.71)×10^-9下降63.8%.PAN在夏季大气寿命很短,其在该观测点浓度主要受周边城市气团光化学反应控制,其产率呈现明显双峰特征,峰值水平在2019年和2021年的7月分别为3.08×10^-9/h、1.75×10^-9/h,2021年较2019年下降43.18%,与PAN的年际变化趋势吻合.该观测点PAN的潜在源贡献函数(PSCF)高值区在2个观测月均出现在东南方向50km范围内,显示了天津市气团输送对该观测点PAN浓度的显著贡献.当该观测点受天津城市气团绝对影响时,PAN生成潜势和前体物NO₂均呈最高水平,约为受北京城市气团影响时的2.03倍和2.01倍,为受廊坊城市气团影响时的1.53和1.21倍.可见,天津城市气团具有最高的光化学污染潜势,其与北京气团的差异主要源自NO_x,而与廊坊气团的差异则来自NO_x和VOCs两类前体物.     

The toxic effects of neem extract and azadirachtin on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) are used in the developing world for many purposes including management of agricultural insect pests. The effects of different neem extracts (aqueous (NSKEaq), ethanol (NSKEeth) and hexane (NSKEhex)) on mortality, survival and weight of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) third and fourth nymphal instars were investigated. When fed rice plants treated with neem derivatives in bioassays, the survival of BPH nymphs is affected. Comparisons were made with the pure neem limonoid, azadirachtin (AZA) to ascertain its role as a compound responsible for these effects. AZA was most potent in all experiments and produced almost 100% nymphal mortality at 0.5 ppm and higher concentrations. When higher concentrations were applied, the effects appeared shortly after treatment and mortality was higher. Many insects died after remaining inactive for several days or during prolonged moulting. At lower concentrations, if moulting was achieved, disturbed growth and abnormalities were then likely to occur in the moulting process. Nymphs that were chronically exposed to neem extract showed a reduction in weight (45-60%). The results clearly indicate the simple NSKE (aqueous, ethanolic or both), containing low concentrations of AZA, can be used effectively to inhibit the growth and survival of BPH.     

Congener-specific approach to human PCB concentrations by serum analysis

The objective of this study was to evaluate all congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human serum samples. Concentrations of all PCB congeners in the serum of 87 volunteers were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The participants consisted of 47 males and 40 females, including 25 men working at municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). The mean concentrations of total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs were 242.77ng/g lipid (median: 180.17ng/g lipid) and 18.57ng/g lipid (median: 15.34ng/g lipid), respectively. Penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorinated biphenyls contributed more than 80% of the total PCBs detected in human serum. Congener-specific analysis indicated that PCB153, PCB138, PCB180, PCB187, and PCB118 contributed 57.3% of the total PCBs detected in human serum samples. A statistical analysis was performed to determine whether there were significant correlations between PCB concentrations and specific variables such as age, gender, smoking habits, occupation, and body mass index (BMI). However, serum PCB concentrations correlated only with age. In addition, we found that total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs highly correlated with PCB153 (correlation coefficient r=0.93, p<0.01) and PCB118 (correlation coefficient r=0.98, p<0.01), respectively. Thus these two congeners could be satisfactory indicators for total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs in human serum.     

信息量融入GA优化SVM模型下的地质灾害易发性评价

地质灾害易发性评价是防灾减灾工作部署、灾害预警以及风险管控的基础,针对评价因子在量纲、性质等方面的差异以及评价模型的适用性、准确性等问题,以陕西省子长市作为研究区,引入信息量(information value, INF)模型与遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA),提出一种信息量融入GA优化支持向量机(Support Vector Machines, SVM)模型的地质灾害易发性评价方法。首先,从研究区的地形地貌、地质环境、生态环境三个方面选取坡度、坡向、河流距离、土地利用类型等9个评价因子,利用INF模型将各评价因子量纲进行统一,构建样本数据集;然后,利用GA迭代求解SVM关键参数c和g的最优值;最后,将全区点集属性数据代入训练好的模型中求解并输出子长市地质灾害易发性指数值,将该值代入ArcGIS软件得到地质灾害易发性区划图,并采用受试者工作特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic, ROC)曲线对模型预测结果的精度进行检验。结果表明：采用信息量融入GA优化SVM模型得到的子长市地质灾害易发性评价结果的准确率为93%,优于INF模型和...