废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料的催化裂解

为了对废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料（WPS）资源化利用,通过对WPS进行催化裂解的方法,研究了催化剂种类和裂解温度对裂解时间、裂解油产率、苯乙烯回收率以及裂解油纯度的影响。研究结果表明,催化剂种类和裂解温度对裂解反应有着重要影响。裂解温度升高,裂解油产率提高,裂解时间缩短,但苯乙烯选择性下降;低于380 ℃时,氧化钙的裂解油产率和裂解时间优于氧化铝和氯化铝,但苯乙烯的选择性劣于氧化铝和氯化铝;高于400 ℃时,氯化铝、氧化铝和氧化钙的催化活性接近。在实验条件下,WPS催化裂解的最佳催化剂为氯化铝,380 ℃下的裂解时间为25 min,裂解油产率为85.48%,裂解油中苯乙烯含量为80.66%（w）,且副产物较少。     

超重力-磷酸钠法脱除低浓度SO2

为开发脱硫率高、成本低、可回收SO2的脱硫技术,以旋转填料床为吸收设备,磷酸钠溶液为吸收剂,系统开展了液气比L／G、转速N、气体中SO2浓度CSO2,in吸收剂磷酸浓度CL和初始pH等工艺参数和溶液再生循环次数对脱硫率叼影响的实验研究。结果表明,叩随L／G、N、CL和初始pH的增加而增大,且它们的值越低时,叩增加越明显;受G和CSO2,in影响较小。在适宜操作条件下,脱硫率达99％以上,出口SO2浓度低于100mg／m^3。磷酸钠溶液可再生循环使用,脱硫率稳定在99％以上。表明超重力-磷酸钠法脱硫技术在小的液气比下即可达到高的脱硫率,吸收剂循环使用,可实现低成本并达标治理SO2废气,且适用范围宽,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

原位帽封材料对水体中Pb(Ⅱ)与Cd(Ⅱ)静态吸附

用无纺布包裹珊瑚和丙烯酸树脂制成帽封材料,将底泥中重金属离子原位固定的同时吸附水体中的重金属离子pb2和Cd2.通过红外光谱,电镜扫描和火焰原子吸收仪器来分析该帽封材料的吸附性能.通过改变pH值,吸附剂投放量来检测其吸附效果.结果表明,该帽封材料在pH等于5的时候,Cd2最大吸附量达到434.67 mg/g,pb2+最大吸附量达到524.27 mg/g.pH和吸附剂量保持不变,随着底物浓度增加吸附量也增加;电镜扫描图和红外光谱图表明,该材料能很好地吸附重金属离子.     

超重力-磷酸钠法脱除低浓度SO2

为开发脱硫率高、成本低、可回收SO₂的脱硫技术,以旋转填料床为吸收设备,磷酸钠溶液为吸收剂,系统开展了液气比L/G、转速N、气体中SO₂浓度CSO₂,in、吸收剂磷酸浓度CL和初始pH等工艺参数和溶液再生循环次数对脱硫率η影响的实验研究。结果表明,η随L/G、N、CL和初始pH的增加而增大,且它们的值越低时,η增加越明显;受G和CSO₂,in影响较小。在适宜操作条件下,脱硫率达99%以上,出口SO₂浓度低于100 mg/m³。磷酸钠溶液可再生循环使用,脱硫率稳定在99%以上。表明超重力-磷酸钠法脱硫技术在小的液气比下即可达到高的脱硫率,吸收剂循环使用,可实现低成本并达标治理SO₂废气,且适用范围宽,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

Independent factors associated with bicycle helmet use in a Korean population: A cross-sectional study

Objective: Although identification of factors that influence helmet use during bicycle riding is necessary for the selection of groups that require safe cycling education, limited baseline data are available. The aim of the present study was to analyze the rate of helmet use and the demographic factors that were independently associated with helmet use among Korean bicycle riders.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used public data from the Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2013 and 2014. Helmet users were defined as subjects who always, usually, or frequently wore helmets when cycling. Independent factors associated with helmet use were determined using odds ratios (ORss) adjusted for 5 demographic factors via multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results: In the total population, 4,103 individuals were bicycle riders; among these, 782 individuals (19.1%) wore helmets. A total of 21.1% of male riders used helmets, compared to 15.5% of female riders (P <.001). The adjusted logistic regression model revealed that female sex (OR = 0.665; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.554–0.797), teenage status (OR = 0.475, 95% CI, 0.333–0.678), and low household income (OR = 0.657, 95% CI 0.513–0.841) were significantly associated with nonuse of helmets.

Conclusions: Female sex, teenage status, and low household income were independent factors associated with the nonuse of helmets. We identified factors associated with helmet use during bicycle riding through analysis of baseline data on helmet usage.     

Atmospheric emissions of F,As, Se,Hg, and Sb from coal-fired power and heat generation in China

Coal is one of the major energy resources in China, with nearly half of produced Chinese coal used for power and heat generation. The large use of coal for power and heat generation in China may result in significant atmospheric emissions of toxic volatile trace elements (i.e. F, As, Se, Hg, and Sb). For the purpose of estimating the atmospheric emissions from coal-fired power and heat generation in China, a simple method based on coal consumption, concentration and emission factor of trace element was adopted to calculate the gaseous emissions of elements F, As, Se, Hg, and Sb. Results indicate that about 162 161, 236, 637, 172, and 33 t F, As, Se, Hg, and Sb, respectively, were introduced into atmosphere from coal combustion by power and heat generation in China in 2009. The atmospheric emissions of F, As, Se, Hg, and Sb by power and heat generation increased from 2005 to 2009 with increasing coal consumptions.     

Seasonal variation and factors influencing perchlorate in water,snow, soil and corns in Northeastern China

Seasonal variation and influencing factors of perchlorate in snow, surface soil, rain, surface water, groundwater and corn were studied. Seven hundreds and seventy samples were collected in different periods in Harbin and its vicinity, China. Perchlorate concentrations were analyzed by ion chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry. Results indicate that fireworks and firecrackers display from the Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival (February 2, 2011–February 17, 2011) can result in the occurrence of perchlorate in surface soil and snow. Perchlorate distribution is affected by wind direction in winter. Melting snow which contained perchlorate can dissolve perchlorate in surface soil, and then perchlorate can percolate into groundwater so that perchlorate concentrations in groundwater increased in spring. Perchlorate concentrations in groundwater and surface water decrease after rainy season in summer. Groundwater samples collected in the floodplain areas of the Songhua River and the Ashi River contained higher perchlorate concentrations than that far away with the rivers. The corns have the ability to accumulate perchlorate.     

氨基介孔磁性载体在柴油生物脱硫中的应用

制备了氨基介孔磁性载体(AMMC),分别采用FTIR,XRD,TEM等技术对AMMC的官能团、磁性、表观形态和沉降性能等进行了表征,并将脱硫菌株固定于AMMC上,以含二苯并噻吩(DBT)的正十六烷为模拟柴油,比较了固定化脱硫菌和游离脱硫菌对柴油的脱硫性能。表征结果显示,AMMC负载了氨基,是具有丰富孔结构的磁性载体(比表面积为61 m~2/g、孔体积为0.131 cm~3/g、平均孔径为11.339 nm),具有悬浮能力强、磁性良好、分离速度快的特点。脱硫实验结果表明:AMMC固定化脱硫菌配合吐温80使用,对DBT的降解率最高,脱硫反应第3天,DBT降解率为75%;AMMC固定化脱硫菌未经活化直接第5次重复使用时,DBT降解率维持在30%左右,游离脱硫菌的DBT降解率不足10%。     

异菌脲在土壤中的降解和移动性研究

为明确异菌脲在土壤中的迁移和归趋特征,采用室内模拟方法研究异菌脲在4种不同类型土壤中的降解和移动性以及不同因素对异菌脲降解的影响。结果表明,异菌脲在不同类型土壤中的降解顺序为东北黑土青海草甸土南京黄棕壤江西红壤,降解半衰期分别为7.2、8.6、12.7和16.9 d,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于易降解农药。土壤湿度越大,异菌脲降解越快,渍水条件下降解速率加快,说明厌氧微生物对异菌脲降解起重要作用。微生物和有机质对异菌脲在土壤降解过程中有一定的促进作用,在微生物、有机质存在的条件下异菌脲降解速率分别提高1.8倍、3.7倍。薄层层析试验表明,异菌脲在南京黄棕壤、东北黑土、江西红壤和青海草甸土的比移值(R_f)分别为0.19、0.17、0.29和0.17,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于不易移动,土柱淋溶试验结果表明,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于难淋溶,不易通过淋溶作用造成地下水污染。     

基于可滑性分析的土质边坡局部稳定性研究

传统的局部安全系数计算方法通常是基于某种屈服准则,通过判断坡体内部是否发生塑性屈服来评价边坡局部稳定性。实际上,发生塑性屈服的区域通常远大于滑动面的范围,仅以是否发生塑性屈服作为局部稳定性评价指标偏于保守,为此进行坡体可滑性分析,即考虑坡体内各点具有的形成滑动面的可能性,并定义该指标为滑动因子。同时,将坡体内各点的塑性屈服程度用剪切塑性屈服系数来表示。将两者结合起来共同评价坡体的局部稳定性。研究表明,边坡局部稳定性不仅与坡体内各点沿潜在滑动面的屈服程度有关,还取决于该点形成滑动面的可能性,可表达为剪切塑性屈服系数与滑动因子的乘积。用ACADS边坡考题验证了本文方法的正确性,为边坡稳定性分析提供了思路。