Honeybees learn odor cues quickly and efficiently when visiting rewarding flowers. Memorization of these cues facilitates
the localization and recognition of food sources during foraging flights. Bees can also use information gained inside the
hive during social interactions with successful foragers. An important information cue that can be learned during these interactions
is food odor. However, little is known about how floral odors learned in the hive affect later decisions of foragers in the
field. We studied the effect of food scent on foraging preferences when this learning is acquired directly inside the hive.
By using in-hive feeders that were removed 24 h before the test, we showed that foragers use the odor information acquired
during a 3-day stimulation period with a scented solution during a food-choice situation outside the nest. This bias in food
preference is maintained even 24 h after the replacement of all the hive combs. Thus, without being previously collected outside
by foragers, food odors learned within the hive can be used during short-range foraging flights. Moreover, correct landings
at a dual-choice device after replacing the storing combs suggests that long-term memories formed within the colony can be
retrieved while bees search for food in the field. 相似文献
We report on a partial varanopid skull and mandible from the Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group, in the South African Karoo Basin, which is probably latest Middle Permian (Capitanian)
in age. This mycterosaurine is not only the youngest known varanopid from the Southern Hemisphere, but it is also the youngest
known “pelycosaur” (i.e., non-therapsid synapsid). Like all other members of this clade of hypercarnivores, the teeth are
strongly flattened, recurved, and have finely serrated cutting edges. The anterior dentary teeth form a caniniform region,
and the splenial features a foramen intermandibularis oralis, the first ever to be described in a “pelycosaur.” The last varanopids
were the smallest carnivores of latest Middle Permian continental faunas. Occupation of the small carnivore guild appears
to have allowed varanopids to achieve a nearly cosmopolitan distribution throughout the Middle Permian, between the great
Early Permian radiation of basal synapsids and the spectacular diversification of therapsid synapsids in the Late Permian
and Early Triassic. 相似文献
This paper applies vulnerability assessment methodology to assess the comparative vulnerability of different tourism supply types by region in Hungary. The steps of the methodology include (1) definition of tourism supply typology, (2) identifying exposure indicators, (3) identifying sensitivity indicators, (4) identification of adaptive capacity indicators and (5) developing a vulnerability map. It is clear that climate change has potential negative effects on tourism in Hungary, but the spatial distribution, as well as the sub-sectoral (by tourism supply types) differences of these impacts is almost unknown. Most research papers dealing with the vulnerability of tourism mainly focus on a specific tourism type, whereas this article aims to address all of them from a regional point of view. The key results presented in this paper include the vulnerability map of the country showing the relative vulnerability of different tourism supply types and detailed analysis investigating the possible causes and driving factors. We have categorized tourism regions based on the five most vulnerable tourism supply types. The most significant of them all turned out to be outdoor event-based tourism, being the most vulnerable in the two southern regions, since the expected impacts of climate change are foreseen to be the most significant in these areas. 相似文献
Snow cover in Spanish mountains is crucial for ensuring water availability in spring and summer months, for the success of winter tourism or for the maintenance of biodiversity in mountain ecosystems. A changing climate may affect the volume of snow cover even in high mountains, where weather conditions are usually favorable for snow accumulation. In this paper, we aim to investigate the evolution (1970–2007) of combined precipitation–temperature modes in the Spanish mountains, and the sensitivity of the snowpack to their occurrence. The climatic database “Spain02” and snow thickness data for Spanish mountains were used for this purpose. Results showed that the frequency of dry-warm and wet-warm days has increased over time in all mountain ranges, while the frequency of the “cold” modes has decreased. The thickness of the snowpack in the Pyrenees has also decreased and its evolution is negatively correlated with the frequency of dry-warm days, and positively correlated with the frequency of dry-cold and wet-cold days. This work constitutes the first approach that relates the evolution of climatic conditions favorable or unfavorable for snow accumulation and the evolution of the snowpack in Spanish mountains. 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - One of the most widely used antibiotics is amoxicillin (AMX), which is the most widely used in humans and animals, but it is discharged metabolically... 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Lentinus crinitus bioaccumulates lithium in mycelia, but bioaccumulation may be affected by pH of the culture medium. Lithium is used in clinical... 相似文献
This study presents the results obtained in compostability tests of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) digestate. The final aim was to obtain mature compost without phytotoxic effects. For the evaluation of the composting process, a novel parameter describing the performance of the composting process, the relative heat generation standardized with the initial volatile solid content (RHGVS0), was defined and evaluated at laboratory-scale. From these laboratory-scale test, the optimum operational conditions were obtained, a mixing ratio (v/v) of 1:1:0 (bulking agent:digestate:co-substrate) and with 15% of mature compost as inoculum. Subsequently, these optimum operational conditions were applied in the active phase of the composting pilot-scale reactor. The active composting stage took 7 days, subsequently a curing phase of 60 days was carried out at ambient conditions. After 30 days of curing, the mature compost showed a specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of 0.14 mg O2/g VS·h, a germination index (GI) of 99.63% and a low volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration (41.3 AcH mg/kgdm), being indicative of the good compost stability and maturity of the compost. The very good quality of the final compost obtained indicated that the RHGVS0 accurately describes the performance of the composting process.
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - This work aimed to investigate the biopolyethylene (BioPE)/wood powder (WP) composites compatibilized with polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA),... 相似文献
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The objective of this study was to obtain and characterize Nerol essential oil encapsulated in PCL. The miniemulsion and solvent evaporation method was... 相似文献
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Biopolymer-based films are hydrophilic biodegradable matrices that exhibit poor water vapour barrier. Ideally, water vapour permeability does not depend on... 相似文献