汽车零配件涂装过程VOCs排放特征与案例分析

VOCs（挥发性有机物）现已被列为我国大气环境领域的核心污染物.随着汽车零配件制造行业减排要求的提出,于2018年6月选取典型汽车零配件制造企业,采用美国TO-15方法分析VOCs物种,采用FID（氢离子火焰检测器）对NMHC（非甲烷总烃）进行实测,分析汽车零配件涂装过程的VOCs排放特征.结果表明:①由于分析方式的不同,有组织排放的ρ（NMHC）比ρ（VOCs）高1.3~1.9倍,其中末端未安装VOCs处理设施的排气筒排放的ρ（NMHC）最高.②汽车零配件涂装过程排放的主要VOCs物种质量浓度占比范围分别为46.72%~98.33%（芳香烃）、1.20%~52.90%（含氧VOCs）,其中ρ（二甲苯）、ρ（苯系物）超标（DB 31/933—2015《大气污染物综合排放标准》）情况较为严重.③未进入VOCs处理装置前的VOCs物种组成与原辅料中VOCs物种组成一致,二者主要VOCs物种的质量分数大致相同,说明生产工艺的不同对VOCs的排放组成影响较小.④比较RTO（蓄热式热力燃烧装置）和活性炭吸附装置处理VOCs前、后废气组成的差异发现,活性炭吸附装置处理对VOCs排放的组成基本无影响,经RTO处理后排放物种以芳香烃和含氧VOCs为主,但是w（芳香烃）和w（含氧VOCs）变化不一致,说明RTO对芳香烃和含氧VOCs处理效率不同.研究显示,为满足国家对汽车零配件制造行业VOCs的减排要求,源头使用高固分涂料或水性涂料替代溶剂型涂料,优化过程收集系统,增强末端处理技术的净化效果、安全性和稳定性,是实现汽车零配件制造行业全过程减排的重要手段.      

河流线型对河流自净能力的影响

为研究河流线型对河流自净能力的影响,选取5条具有不同河流线型的河涌进行研究,以弯曲度和分形维数表征河流线型,以TP、NH 3-N、NO 2-N、NO 3-N、COD Cr、TOC、DOC、叶绿素(Chlorophyll)和蓝绿藻藻蓝蛋白(BGA-PC)等9项水质指标沿程削减率表征河流自净能力,并分析各研究河段的悬浮微生物生物量和生物活性,探讨河流线型影响河流自净能力的作用机制。结果表明:多项水质指标沿程削减率随河流线型蜿蜒程度的增加而提升。在直立式浆砌石挡墙河段,河流线型通过提高悬浮微生物生物活性,进而增强河流自净能力,使TP、NH 3-N、NO 3-N、DOC、Chlorophyll和BGA-PC的沿程削减率显著提升;而在格宾石笼挡墙河段,河流线型通过增加悬浮生物生物量和提高生物活性,进而增强河流自净能力,使NO 2-N、COD Cr、TOC和DOC的沿程削减率显著提高。     

空间溢出视角下中国污染密集型产业集聚的环境效应

本研究在着力改善生态环境和调整产业空间布局的背景下,着眼于国民经济行业中高能耗、高污染的污染密集型产业,基于2000—2015年中国30个省区的面板数据,在污染密集型产业识别的基础上,考察了污染密集型产业集聚和环境污染的空间特征,构建了空间面板杜宾模型,并从空间溢出视角,探讨了污染密集型产业集聚的环境效应.研究发现:①污染密集型产业集聚和环境污染均具有显著的空间正相关性;②污染密集型产业集聚和环境污染之间存在显著的倒"U"型曲线关系,对于产业集聚水平较高的山西、宁夏和内蒙古,有望通过空间溢出效应和政策干预发挥减排效应,其他省区集聚水平的提高将会加剧环境污染;③经济发展水平和外商直接投资与环境污染之间均具有显著的正相关关系,而技术创新能力的提高能显著降低污染水平.     

Study on mechanics of crowd jam based on the cusp-catastrophe model

Some characteristics of crowd jam like the phenomena of discontinuous jumping in reality are hard to be explained by the equations governing pedestrians. The catastrophe theory can explain these characteristics. A cusp-catastrophe model is developed to analyze the mechanics of crowd jam by drawing graphs for a cusp-catastrophe model of crowd, the bifurcation set and the projection of catastrophe model. Meanwhile, the critical density and the critical velocity are derived. It is concluded that the cusp model is a more efficient predictor than the linear model or the equations governing pedestrians and is reasonably realistic for dense crowd flow scenarios.     

我国PM2.5主要组分及健康危害特征研究进展

介绍我国大气PM2.5中的无机元素、水溶性无机离子以及含碳组分的污染特征,对近年来PM2.5与人群健康危害之间关系的研究进行了总结,并对PM2.5污染的健康风险评价进行了综述.     

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)光降解研究现状

多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)为一类新型的持久性有机污染物,因其在环境中的广泛分布和生物累积性而备受关注,环境中PBDEs的降解也成为研究热点.光降解是自然环境中PBDEs降解的主要途径之一,而光降解过程中会形成毒性更高的溴代二英.本文在总结国内外PBDEs光降解研究的基础上,对影响PBDEs光降解的因素(诸如:分子结构、光源、介质等)、途径和产物,特别是溴代二英的形成进行了综述,对目前存在问题及进一步的研究方向进行了讨论和展望.     

Distribution,transfer, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil-wheat systems of Henan Province,a typical agriculture province of China

In order to investigate the distribution, transfer, and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil-wheat systems, soil samples from 20 farmlands and corresponding wheat tissues were collected from selected regions of Henan Province in June 2013 and were analyzed to estimate the concentration of PAHs. The total concentrations of 15 PAHs (∑₁₅ PAHs) in soils from Henan Province varied from 6.91 to 72.4 ng/g. Moreover, two-ring to three-ring PAHs (1.59–29.1 ng/g) were the major species in soils, occupying 56.2% of total PAHs. Principal component analysis (PCA)-multiple linear regression (MLR) revealed that fossil fuel burning dominated the input of PAHs in agricultural soils of Henan Province. The range of ∑₁₅ PAHs concentrations in wheat tissues was 13.9–50.9 ng/g, which decreased along the root-straw-grain. Positive correlation among PAHs of soil and wheat tissues showed that PAHs in wheat mainly came from soil and then migrated along root-straw-grain. Moreover, PAHs were accumulated highest in root and lowest in grain. Two-ring to three-ring PAHs were easier to transfer from soil to wheat than five-ring to six-ring PAHs. Consumption of wheat grain created potential risk of cancer in Henan Province.

     

国内外石化行业火炬污染排放控制标准与规范研究

火炬系统是石油化工、冶金等行业为处理生产工艺中产生的或剩余的易燃有害气体的控制措施,是保证工艺设备安全运行的重要保障,同时也是降低环境污染的重要措施.火炬燃烧排放的CO₂、NO_x及未完全燃烧的VOCs（挥发性有机物）是造成环境污染的重要原因,而目前国内仍没有较为成熟的控制火炬排放的标准,因此形成火炬排放与控制的标准规范已成为绿色生态建设的重要环节.通过对火炬分类及系统组成、燃烧气体的流量和热值控制、引燃火焰及燃烧火焰的检测和监控、系统排放的检测和监控等方面的分析,以及对国外[如US EPA（美国环境保护局）、美国南加州、欧盟等地区]的火炬标准与国内的火炬标准规范进行对比,并以上海市火炬的统计结果为基础,提出了对于上海市火炬排放控制标准与规范的基本框架建议.框架内容主要包括4个方面:①监测泄放气的流量、压力,控制泄放气与辅助气的比例,使燃烧气体的热值达到完全燃烧的范围;②监测引燃火焰和燃烧火焰,保证火炬的运行;③监测火炬的可见排放;④加强火炬的监管力度,定时检维修.      

四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的表面吸附和分配作用特征

以采自内蒙古霍林河煤矿的煤样为研究对象,通过模拟实验研究了四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的吸附行为,重点探讨了温度、p H值和离子强度对四溴双酚A在煤胶体上表面吸附和分配作用的影响.结果表明:煤胶体对四溴双酚A的吸附过程可由Freundlich表面吸附-分配复合模型很好地描述.随着温度的升高,四溴双酚A在煤胶体上吸附的分配作用和表面吸附同样都有所下降,但温度的升高对分配作用的影响程度较大.p H值主要影响四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的分配作用,在p H值为9时,四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的吸附以表面吸附为主,其对总吸附量的贡献率为97.5%;而在p H值为6~8时,则以分配作用为主,其对总吸附量的贡献率为64.0%~78.9%.Ca~(2+)浓度为0.001~0.1 mol·L~(-1)时,离子强度对于四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的表面吸附和分配作用均影响较小.     

Emergency membrane contactor based absorption system for ammonia leaks in water treatment plants

Because of the suspected health risks of trihalomethanes (THMs), more and more water treatment plants have replaced traditionalchlorine disinfection process with chloramines but often without the proper absorption system installed in the case of ammonia leaksin the storage room. A pilot plant membrane absorption system was developed and installed in a water treatment plant for this purpose.Experimentally determined contact angle, surface tension, and corrosion tests indicated that the sulfuric acid was the proper choice as the absorbent for leaking ammonia using polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactor. Effects of several operating conditionson the mass transfer coefficient, ammonia absorption, and removal efficiency were examined, including the liquid concentration,liquid velocity, and feed gas concentration. Under the operation conditions investigated, the gas absorption efficiency over 99.9%was achieved. This indicated that the designed pilot plant membrane absorption system was effective to absorb the leaking ammonia in the model storage room. The removal rate of the ammonia in the model storage room was also experimentally and theoretically foundto be primarily determined by the ammonia suction flow rate from the ammonia storage room to the membrane contactor. The ammoniaremoval rate of 99.9% was expected to be achieved within 1.3 h at the ammonia gas flow rate of 500 m3/h. The success of the pilot plantmembrane absorption system developed in this study illustrated the potential of this technology for ammonia leaks in water treatmentplant, also paved the way towards a larger scale application.