加拿大的船舶油污损害赔偿机制及运行经验

加拿大是世界上最早通过立法建立船舶溢油赔偿机制的国家。现在加拿大采用国际机制和国内机制相结合的办法较好地解决了油轮和非油轮的油污损害赔偿问题，本言语概括总结了该机制的特点和经验。     

Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and their association with bacteria and viruses in decentralized sewage treatment facilities

• Distribution of ARGs in decentralized sewage facilities were investigated. • Bacitracin-ARGs were most predominant ARGs in rural wastewater. • ARGs were identified in bacterial and viral community. • ARGs of rpoB, drfE, gyrA and parC were both correlated with bacteria and phages. • More attention should be paid to the risk of spreading ARG by phages. The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been intensively studied in large-scale wastewater treatment plants and livestock sources. However, small-scale decentralized sewage treatment facilities must also be explored due to their possible direct exposure to residents. In this study, six wastewater treatment facilities in developed rural areas in eastern China were investigated to understand their risks of spreading ARGs. Using metagenomics and network analysis tools, ARGs and bacterial and viral communities were identified in the influent (INF) and effluent (EFF) samples. The dominant ARGs belonged to the bacitracin class, which are different from most of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The dominant hosts of ARGs are Acidovorax in bacterial communities and Prymnesiovirus in viral communities. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between ARGs and phages. The ARGs significantly correlated with phages were all hosted by specific genera of bacteria, indicating that phages had contributed to the ARG’s proliferation in sewage treatment facilities. Paying significant concern on the possible enhanced risks caused by bacteria, viruses and their related ARGs in decentralized sewage treatment facilities is necessary.     

Characteristics of soil micro-and macro-arthropods and soil properties in Songnen Grassland of China during different periods of freeze–thaw season

ABSTRACT

Soil properties have an important influence on soil fauna in the grassland ecosystem. However, the relationship between the structural characteristics of soil fauna and properties in the grassland ecosystem in freeze–thaw season remains unclear. Hence, the feature of soil arthropods and properties in Songnen Grassland of China were investigated in fall–winter alternating (T1), completely frozen (T2) and winter–spring alternating periods (T3) during freeze–thaw season in three years. Results showed slight differences in the community composition of soil animals with Oribatida, Prostigmata and Mesostigmata as co-dominant groups in all sampling periods. The total number of individuals of soil arthropod at low temperature was low. The pH value, electrical conductivity (EC), and moisture content had the same order of T3?>?T2?>?T1. The activities of invertase and urease increased with increasing soil temperature, whereas protease activity had no relationship with soil temperature, soil moisture, EC and soil organic matter (SOM), activities of protease and urease were principal factors affecting individual abundance of soil animals. The sequence of their effect degrees was moisture content > EC > SOM > protease activity > urease activity. The changes in the quantitative characteristics of soil animals were related to soil properties. Therefore, soil properties can affect the structural characteristics of soil arthropod in the Songnen Grassland of China in the freeze–thaw season.     

邢台市颗粒污染物变化特征和后向轨迹分析

为深入了解邢台市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度变化情况和气流后向轨迹,对邢台市2013—2016年环境大气颗粒污染物监测数据进行了分析,同时利用HYSPLIT模型计算出逐日72 h后向气流轨迹。结果表明:邢台市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在2013—2016年间呈逐年下降趋势,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度高值出现在冬季(296μg/m~3和192μg/m~3),最低值出现在夏季(140μg/m~3和80μg/m~3),PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在日变化上均呈"双峰双谷"型分布;后向轨迹的季节聚类分析表明,春季大气颗粒物污染以粒径2.5～10μm的颗粒污染物为主,夏季、秋季和冬季的大气颗粒物污染以PM_(2.5)为主;逐日聚类分析表明,在路径为西北偏西向的、途经多个沙源地的气流影响下,邢台市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度处于一个相对高值;来源于偏南向的气流由于化合反应,污染物积聚导致PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度也处于相对高值;在来源于西北向和偏北向的、水汽含量相对较低的气流影响下,邢台市的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度出现一个明显的下降。     

高镁镍铁渣基草酸盐化学键合材料的制备及性能

为提高镍铁渣(FS)的综合利用率,提出利用FS与草酸(OA)反应制备镍铁渣基草酸盐化学键合材料(FS-OCBCMs),主要考察了m(FS/OA)质量比、水灰质量比(m(W/C))、粉煤灰(FA)掺量、缓凝剂种类及掺量对材料凝结时间和力学性能的影响,并采用XRD和SEM分析手段,表征了材料的物相组成和微观结构。结果表明:随m(FS/OA)的增加,凝结时间先减小后增大,抗压强度呈先增大后减小的趋势;当m(W/C)=0.14～0.17时,材料28 d时抗压强度均达到33 MPa以上;当m(W/C)0.17时,抗压强度随之降低。FA掺量对材料早期抗压强度影响较大,随FA的增加,早期强度不断降低,而后期强度与未掺FA材料的抗压强度接近。缓凝剂硼砂(B)掺入具有较好的缓凝作用,且掺量为1%时,材料力学性能最好,28 d时抗压强度可达45 MPa,而三聚磷酸钠(P)的掺入,不具有缓凝作用,还使凝结时间大幅度降低;当掺量为5%时,凝结时间降到14 min,且对材料早期强度影响较大。FS-OCBCMs的主要产物为结晶较好的MgC_2O_4·2H_2O,且当掺入1%的B时,产物结晶更好,同时提高了材料的抗压强度。以上研究结果对于实现高镁镍铁渣的资源化利用具有一定的指导意义。     

西北地区农村生活污水处理技术研究

西北地区农村生活污水处理工作是中国环境保护工作的重要组成部分.针对西北地区农村生活污水处理目前没有专门设计的处理工艺,结合西北地区农村污水处理的实际特点,在对比分析了几种常用农村生活污水处理工艺特点及适用范围基础上,选择了四套家用型污水处理技术,为建立西北农村生活污水处理新模式提供借鉴与科技支撑,为西北地区农业面源污染的控制提供技术支持.     

Seasonal variations of water quality response to land use metrics at multi-spatial scales in the Yangtze River basin

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Land use pattern is increasingly regarded as an important determinant of environmental quality and regional ecosystems. Understanding the correlation...     

6种重金属对3种海水养殖生物的急性毒性效应

以主要海水养殖动物菲律宾蛤仔、刺参、褐牙鲆为研究对象,采用静水毒性法评价了重金属对海洋生物的毒性效应,分别将受试动物暴露于不同浓度梯度的重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Hg及As单种试液中,概率单位法求得半致死质量浓度。结果表明,同一种重金属对3种不同养殖生物的毒性存在明显差异(P0.05),Hg对菲律宾蛤仔、刺参及褐牙鲆3种养殖生物的96 hLC50分别为0.134 mg·L~(-1)、0.0246 mg·L~(-1)及0.238 mg·L~(-1);Cu为0.323 mg·L~(-1)、0.0499 mg·L~(-1)及0.975 mg·L~(-1);As为2.464 mg·L~(-1)、0.301 mg·L~(-1)及8.345 mg·L~(-1);Cd为2.843 mg·L~(-1)、1.111 mg·L~(-1)及6.787 mg·L~(-1);Zn为30.246 mg·L~(-1)、0.449 mg·L~(-1)及17.114 mg·L~(-1);Cr为32.591 mg·L~(-1)、2.205 mg·L~(-1)及95.137 mg·L~(-1)。6种重金属对菲律宾蛤仔毒性强弱:HgCuAsCdZnCr;对刺参毒性:HgCuAsZnCdCr;对褐牙鲆毒性:HgCuCdAsZnCr。综合结果表明:Hg、Cu毒性最强,Cd、As及Zn次之,Cr毒性最弱。研究结果可为海水增养殖区重金属风险评价提供理论依据。     

Particulate matter pollution and emergency room visits for respiratory diseases in a valley Basin city of Northwest China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Epidemiological studies have suggested that particulate matter (PM) pollution seriously affects human health, particularly it is closely associated with...