自动监控技术在环境监测中的应用

介绍了自动控制技术、在线监测技术以及现代信息和多媒体技术在环境监测工作中的应用,并阐述了自动监控技术在环境监测中应用价值及存在的困难。     

Variations between rice cultivars in iron and manganese plaque on roots and the relation with plant cadmium uptake

To understand certain mechanisms causing variations between rice cultivars with regard to cadmium uptake and tolerance, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars of di erent genotypes under di erent soil Cd levels. The relationships between plant Cd uptake and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) plaque formation on roots were investigated. The results showed that rice cultivars di ered markedly in Cd uptake and tolerance. Under soil Cd treatments, Cd concentrations and accumulations in the cultivar Shanyou 63 (the genotype indica) were significantly higher than those in the cultivar Wuyunjing 7 (the genotype japonica) (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05), and Shanyou 63 was more sensitive to Cd toxicity than Wuyunjing 7. The di erences between the rice cultivars were the largest at relatively low soil Cd level (i.e., 10 mg/kg). Fe concentrations in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate root extracts of Shanyou 63 were generally lower than that of Wuyunjing 7, and the di erence was the most significant under the treatment of 10 mg Cd/kg soil. The results indicated that the formation of iron plaque on rice roots could act as a barrier to soil Cd toxicity, and may be a “bu er” or a “reservoir” which could reduce Cd uptake into rice roots. And the plaque may contribute, to some extent, to the genotypic di erences of rice cultivars in Cd uptake and tolerance.     

一套民用固体燃料燃烧大气污染物排放测试系统的搭建和评测

为研究民用固体燃料燃烧的大气污染物排放特征,设计了一套箱式稀释采样测试系统.相比于常用的烟罩法和烟道采样法,该系统能减小环境空气中颗粒物对测试结果的影响,同时收集了炉具泄漏的烟气,能更准确获得固体燃料燃烧的大气污染物排放水平.本文介绍了该系统的设计思路、主要结构组成和测试系统的性能评估结果.评估结果表明:进气经过滤后颗粒物浓度显著下降至约1μg·m-3,远小于燃烧过程中排放的颗粒物浓度(约100μg·m-3),有效减少环境空气中颗粒物对测试结果的干扰;使用箱式法测得PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子结果均高于箱体敞开的对照组测试,证明箱式法收集测试了燃烧时泄漏至室内的污染物,有效减少污染物泄漏造成的误差.利用该系统测试了12种常见民用煤和3种生物质燃料燃烧PM_(2.5)、SO2、NOx等污染物排放水平,其中民用煤PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子分别为0.23~3.40 mg·g~(-1)、0.48~6.15 mg·g~(-1)和0.16~1.09 mg·g~(-1),生物质燃料的PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子分别为6.26~39.76 mg·g~(-1)、0.04~0.23 mg·g~(-1)和0.05~0.76 mg·g~(-1).     

食管癌高发区粮食防霉实验

磁县是我国食管癌高发区,当地居民饮食中霉菌及其毒素污染严重。为了从病因水平上预防肿瘤发生,进一步探讨了磁县食管癌高发区居民饮食防霉措施。本实验研究了防腐剂富马酸二甲酯（DMF）对磁县农户正在食用的储粮的抑霉防霉及抑菌作用。结果发现DMF可明显抑制粮食中霉菌的生长。小麦洗液培养56小时后DMF处理组霉菌菌落数平均为2.3个,而对照组可达123.7个,抑制率为95.15％。在含有DMF的培养基上霉菌不能生长。此外DMF还有明显抑菌作用,加DMF后48h即可抑制细菌生长,施药处出现明显的抑菌环。因此,应在食管癌高发区对农村储粮推广使用DMF防霉措施,以期通过降低霉菌及其毒素的污染,阻断食管癌的霉菌病因,进一步降低食管癌发病率。     

重金属螯合剂在废水治理中的应用研究

研究重金属螯合剂的实验室合成及其捕集重金属的机理,对其处理重金属废水的效果与无机稳定化药剂Ｎａ２Ｓ进行了实验比较。     

武汉东湖部分原生动物种类污染值的建立

利用对武汉东湖进行的为期１ 年的原生动物采集及鉴定结果以及同时进行的水质化学测试结果,对所建立的原生动物生物指数进行了验证,表明所得ＣＰＶ与化学综合污染指数呈显著的相关,说明建立的生物指数对淡水水系有广泛的实用性．对汉江中没有观察到的某些原生动物建立了其种类污染值     

废催化剂浸出规律的静态实验方法

利用静态浸出实验方法对废催化剂中重金属在不同固水比和浸出次数条件下的浸出规律进行了系统研究。实验发现浸出次数大于３次后,重金属的浸出浓度和浸出速率趋于稳定,同时固水比的增加也没有明显改变废催化剂中重金属的浸出。认为在浸取次数大于３次以后,随着表面溶质的溶解,浸出过程主要为内扩散所控制。     

Influence of H2S and NH3 on biogas dry reforming using Ni catalyst: a study on single and synergetic effect

● NH₃ in biogas had a slight inhibitory effect on dry reforming. ● Coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ led to faster decline of biogas conversion. ● Regeneration was effective for catalysts deactivated under synergetic effect. Biogas is a renewable biomass energy source mainly composed of CH₄ and CO₂. Dry reforming is a promising technology for the high-value utilization of biogas. Some impurity gases in biogas can not be completely removed after pretreatment, which may affect the performance of dry reforming. In this study, the influence of typical impurities H₂S and NH₃ on dry reforming was studied using Ni/MgO catalyst. The results showed that low concentration of H₂S in biogas could cause serious deactivation of catalyst. Characterization results including EDS, XPS and TOF-SIMS confirmed the adsorption of sulfur on the catalyst surface, which was the cause of catalyst poisoning. We used air calcination method to regenerate the sulfur-poisoned catalysts and found that the regeneration temperature higher than 500 °C could help catalyst recover the original activity. NH₃ in the concentration range of 50–10000 ppm showed a slight inhibitory effect on biogas dry reforming. The decline rate of biogas conversion efficiency increased with the increase of NH₃ concentration. This was related to the reduction of oxygen activity on catalyst surface caused by NH₃. The synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃ in biogas was investigated. The results showed that biogas conversion decreased faster under the coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ than under the effect of H₂S alone, so as the surface oxygen activity of catalyst. Air calcination regeneration could also recover the activity of the deactivated catalyst under the synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃.     

臭氧和氮肥交互对小麦干物质生产、N、P、K含量及累积量的影响

利用中日合作建立的亚洲首个稻麦轮作开放式臭氧浓度升高（ozone-free air controlled enrichment,O3-FACE）平台,选取小麦品种（Tritcium aestivum）扬麦16为试材,研究了不同臭氧和氮肥水平下,小麦不同部位干物质量以及N、P、K质量分数的变化。结果表明,臭氧胁迫下,常氮水平小麦根、叶和穗干物质量以及根冠比与对照相比均显著降低,降幅分别为37.4%、17.4%、12.8%、29.8%,而增施氮肥后,小麦根叶穗及根冠比与常氮下相比均显著增加,增幅分别为60.5%、23.2%、10.7%、43.6%;常氮条件下,臭氧浓度升高明显降低N、P、K累积量及成熟期叶中N、P、K质量分数,降幅分别为10.93%、11.65%、7.64%、23.87%、14.81%、14.9%,而成熟期穗中N、P、K质量分数明显增加,增幅分别为6.15%、10.34%、13.12%,增施氮肥后,N、P、K累积量及小麦叶中N质量分数与常氮相比明显增加,增幅分别为15.58%、11.91%、9.00%、10.74%,叶中P、K质量分数也有所增加但增幅很小,而增施氮肥对其他部位的N、P、K质量分数影响不大。臭氧和氮肥对茎部干质量及N、P、K质量分数影响均不明显。总之,增施氮肥对小麦在臭氧胁迫下的生物量累积和养分累积有一定的缓解作用。     

生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术研究

根据处理工艺原理的不同 ,分别介绍生化和物化处理技术、膜处理技术、土地处理技术和蒸发处理技术等处理工艺研究与应用的进展情况 ,同时根据我国填埋场渗滤液的产生特点和处理处置现状 ,展望了我国渗滤液处理工艺的发展趋势。