宁夏电网自动发电控制优化策略的研究

针对宁夏电网自动发电控制(Automatic Generation Control,AGC)方式单一的问题,对目前的 AGC 控制策略进行优化。将单一的区域偏差控制(Area Control Error,ACE)划分为多区域多目标控制,主控制区主要以联络线 ACE 为主,分控制区在断面稳定裕度较大时以主控制区控制目标为主,在断面稳定裕度较小时以断面稳定控制为目标。优化结果表明:AGC 优化策略能将稳定断面和联络线交换功率控制在合格范围内,达到了宁夏电网 AGC 目标。     

纳米二氧化钛(nTiO_2)与双酚A对斜生栅藻(Scenedes-mus obliquus)的联合毒性效应

纳米二氧化钛(n Ti O2)在被人们广泛使用的同时,其潜在的环境影响也受到越来越多的关注。为深入探讨n Ti O2与环境中现有污染物的相互作用及生物效应,以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为受试生物,按照毒性单位法、相加指数法和混合毒性指数法,研究了n Ti O2与双酚A(BPA,一种常见的环境类雌激素)的联合毒性效应。结果显示,n Ti O2与BPA对S.obliquus生长的72 h半抑制浓度(EC50)分别为28.7 mg·L-1与1.81 mg·L-1。而n Ti O2与BPA共存时,在不同毒性比(4:1,3:1,2:1,1:1,1:2和1:3)下,其联合毒性作用(以BPA计)的72 h EC50值分别为2.198,1.58,1.153,0.428,0.306和0.189 mg·L-1。两者的联合毒性作用不仅仅是简单的相加,而是随着两者毒性比的变化,由拮抗作用转变为相加作用,继而转变为协同作用。这表明,n Ti O2进入环境后与现有污染物的毒性比(浓度比)可能是其联合毒性作用模式的一个重要影响因素。     

Toxicity evaluation of 10 oil gelling agents北大核心CSCD

Oil gelling agents are widely used in emergency response of marine oil spills. However, the biological toxicity of oil gelling agents is not well understood. This research aimed to evaluate the environmental safety of oil gelling agents used for rapid removal and cleanup of marine oil spills. We used luminescent bacteria (Acinetobacter sp. Tox2 and Acinetobacter sp. RecA) combined with exposure experiment using marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) juveniles to detect the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of 10 oil gelling agents. As a result, a certain level of acute toxicity was detected from the oil gelling agent FOA and GMN-01 (the toxicity equivalent to 0.067 mg/L and 0.084 mg/L of HgCl2, respectively), and a certain level of genotoxicity was detected from the oil gelling agent NORSOREX (the toxicity equivalent to 0.307 mg/L of MMC) by the luminescent bacteria test. However, no obvious acute toxicity or genotoxicity was detected from the above three oil gelling agents in fish-exposure experiments. Our results suggest that the 10 oil gelling agents have no obvious acute toxicity or genotoxicity to higher organisms (including marine medaka). The luminescent bacteria test is more sensitive in detecting biological toxicity of oil gelling agents. This study provides a reference for environmental safety evaluation of the oil gelling agents used in the cleaning up of the marine oil spills.     

品字型抗滑桩对滑坡的加固效果研究

利用FLAC3d程序对以组为单位进行设计的品字型抗滑桩对于滑坡的加固效果进行研究。其中,品字型抗滑桩分为无、有桩顶连梁两种形式。通过模拟计算,对在布置无、有桩顶连梁的品字型抗滑桩时,坡体的安全系数,桩的侧向位移、弯矩、剪力进行对比分析。通过对比得出:桩顶有连梁时,坡体的安全系数明显增加;桩的侧向位移明显减少,且一组中各桩的位移基本一致;桩顶弯矩明显增大,且滑动面以上各桩弯矩分布相对均匀,滑动面以下各桩弯矩相对有所减小;桩顶剪力均有所增加,滑动面以上,前排桩剪力峰值减小,后排桩剪力峰值增大,各桩的剪力幅度比较均匀。再通过将布置桩顶有连梁品字型抗滑桩与前后排相对应的无连梁双排抗滑桩进行对比,得出前者坡体的安全系数大,桩的侧向位移小,且节约材料,进一步验证了其优越性。因此,在抗滑桩结构形式设计中,桩顶有连梁品字型抗滑桩是更值得推广的结构形式。     

城市垃圾处理厂中渗滤液处理工艺的探讨

城市垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂的高浓度有机废水,若不加处理而直接排放,会造成严重的环境污染。以保护环境为目的,对渗滤液进行处理是必不可少的。本文分析了渗滤液处理工艺的现状,结合工程实例,探讨了多种处理渗滤液方法,并对各处理工艺进行了比较,同时为城市垃圾卫生填埋处理厂的环境影响评价提供多种渗滤液处理工艺。     

Vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau in China

Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau were measured for the first time during a summertime aircraft campaign, 2013 in Shanxi, China. Data from four flights were analyzed. The vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties including aerosol scattering coefficients (σ_sc), absorption coefficients (σ_ab), Angström exponent (α), single scattering albedo (ω), backscattering ratio (β_sc), aerosol mass scattering proficiency (Q_sc) and aerosol surface scattering proficiency (Q_sc^′) were obtained. The mean statistical values of σ_sc were 77.45 Mm^− 1 (at 450 nm), 50.72 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm), and 32.02 Mm^− 1 (at 700 nm). The mean value of σ_ab was 7.62 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm). The mean values of α, β_sc and ω were 1.93, 0.15, and 0.91, respectively. Aerosol concentration decreased with altitude. Most effective diameters (ED) of aerosols were less than 0.8 μm. The vertical profiles of σ_sc,, α, β_sc, Q_sc and Q_sc^′ showed that the aerosol scattering properties at lower levels contributed the most to the total aerosol radiative forcing. Both α and β_sc had relatively large values, suggesting that most aerosols in the observational region were small particles. The mean values of σ_sc, α, β_sc, Q_sc, Q_sc^′, σ_ab and ω at different height ranges showed that most of the parameters decreased with altitude. The forty-eight hour backward trajectories of air masses during the observation days indicated that the majority of aerosols in the lower level contributed the most to the total aerosol loading, and most of these particles originated from local or regional pollution emissions.     

磁性固相萃取在环境分析中的应用

样品前处理直接影响污染物分析的准确性并很大程度上决定了目标物质的检测限。磁性固相萃取作为一种新兴的样品前处理技术,具有操作简单、消耗时间短、成本低等优点,克服了传统柱式固相萃取的缺陷,广泛应用于环境、化学、生物、药物分析等领域。文章介绍了磁性固相萃取技术及其流程,概述了各种磁性材料在痕量污染物富集分离过程中的应用现状,分析比较了不同表面修饰物质的磁性粒子的优缺点,并展望了磁性固相萃取未来的研究方向。     

滇中城市PM2.5污染防治对策研究

以昆明市为重点,调查了昆明、玉溪、曲靖等滇中3个主要城市的PM2.5监测与污染现状,初步分析认为:滇中城市PM2.5污染主要来源于建筑施工扬尘、汽车尾气排放和工业排放,且在不同的城市,上述3项PM2.5污染主要来源所占的比重有所不同。据此提出了滇中城市PM2.5污染综合防治对策措施。     

2012年-2013年常州市PM2.5空气污染气象条件及天气形势特征分析研究

利用2012年-2013年常州市大气监测资料、2009年-2013年NECP再分析气象资料和日降水资料,对近两年常州市空气污染特征及其与气象条件的关系进行分析.结果表明2013年常州市污染事件相比2012年具有发生频率高、持续时间长和程度重等特点.造成污染天气异常偏多的气象条件是有效降水日异常减少,反映区域混合型PM2.5污染的地面系统不利扩散特征在2013年表现突出,污染高发期地面均压场范围扩大,对流层整层有异常抑制上升作用.典型PM2.5污染个例分析表明重污染天气尺度形势特征主要体现在高压型和冷空气外部输送型,其次为低压和均压场型.     

Significance of adverse outcome pathways in biomarker-based environmental risk assessment in aquatic organisms

In environmental risk assessments (ERA), biomarkers have been widely used as an early warning signal of environmental contamination. However, biomarker responses have limitation due to its low relevance to adverse outcomes (e.g., fluctuations in community structure, decreases in population size, and other similar ecobiologically relevant indicators of community structure and function). To mitigate these limitations, the concept of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) was developed. An AOP is an analytical, sequentially progressive pathway that links a molecular initiating event (MIE) to an adverse outcome. Recently, AOPs have been recognized as a potential informational tool by which the implications of molecular biomarkers in ERA can be better understood. To demonstrate the utility of AOPs in biomarker-based ERA, here we discuss a series of three different biological repercussions caused by exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and selenium (Se). Using mainly aquatic invertebrates and selected vertebrates as model species, we focus on the development of the AOP concept. Aquatic organisms are suitable bioindicator species whose entire lifespans can be observed over a short period; moreover, these species can be studied on the molecular and population levels. Also, interspecific differences between aquatic organisms are important to consider in an AOP framework, since these differences are an integral part of the natural environment. The development of an environmental pollutant-mediated AOP may enable a better understanding of the effects of environmental pollutants in different scenarios in the diverse community of an ecosystem.