厦门西港近岸沉积物中重金属元素背景值的确定

重金属环境背景值是评价环境中重金属污染和制定环境质量标准的前提和基础,为确定厦门西港近岸海域沉积物中重金属元素的背景值水平,以厦门西港近岸海域柱状沉积物样品为研究对象,对不同深度沉积物样品的重金属元素含量进行测定,在分析重金属元素垂直分布特征的基础上,筛选未受人为活动影响的沉积层位,根据数据分布类型计算得到17种重金属元素的背景值(范围):Sc 13. 85(11. 52～16. 69)、V 101. 03(94. 61～107. 45)、Cr 63. 50(55. 00～69. 20)、Co 14. 62(13. 70～15. 54)、Ni 29. 92(27. 23～32. 54)、Cu 21. 48(17. 95～25. 01)、Zn 118. 81(96. 39～141. 23)、Pb 41. 80(38. 41～57. 35)、Sr 97. 78(93. 22～102. 34)、Mo 1. 39(0. 59～2. 19)、Sb 0. 58(0. 53～0. 63)、Ba 407. 00(378. 15～427. 00)、Tl 0. 93(0. 72～1. 05)、Bi 0. 71(0. 51～0. 82)、Fe 32 610. 27(19 903. 73～53 428. 67)、Mn 393. 20(306. 67～793. 63)、Cd 0. 066(0. 056～0. 076) mg/kg。以上背景值与福建省海岸带土壤、厦门A层土壤、中国陆壳、中国浅海沉积物和全国水系沉积物元素背景值相比,总体上比较接近,但Sr含量略低,Pb和Zn含量略高,说明可信度较高且具有地域性。影响厦门西港近岸海域沉积物中重金属元素背景值的主要因素是陆源物质、沉积物粒度和地球化学特征。     

Algal uptake of dissolved organic nitrogen in wastewater treatment plants

The algal uptake of dissolved organic nitrogen(DON) in the anaerobic–anoxic–oxic(A_2O)process was investigated in this study. Anaerobic, aerobic and effluent DON samples from two wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) were separated into hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions using a DAX-8 resin coupled with an anion exchange resin and a nanofiltration(NF)pretreatment. Hydrophilic DON accounted for 66.66%–88.74% of the entire DON for the two plants evaluated. After a 15-day incubation, 16.95%–91.75% DON was bioavailable for algal growth, and untreated samples exhibited higher DON bioavailability, with 52.83% DON average uptake rates, compared with the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions(45.53% and 44.40%, respectively) because the pretreatment caused the inorganic salt to be resistant to algae. Anaerobic untreated samples, hydrophilic fractions and hydrophobic fractions showed higher DON reduction rates and higher biomass accumulation compared with the other DON fractions due to the decomposition of resistant organics by anaerobic and anoxic bacteria.DON in aerobic and effluent samples of plant A was more bioavailable than that of plant B with usages of 27.49%–55.26% DON. DON bioavailability in the anaerobic–anoxic–oxic process decreased in the following order: anaerobic effluent aerobic. The DON contents were reduced after anaerobic treatment in the two plants. The EEM-PARAFAC model identified three DON components, including two humic acid-like substances and one protein-like substance in plant A and two protein-like substances and one humic acid-like substance in plant B.     

混碱调控剩余污泥碱性发酵实现LDHs高效提取短链脂肪酸

氢氧化钙调控剩余污泥碱性发酵,可有效提高发酵液原位合成层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)提取短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)的效率.本文拟利用氢氧化钙和氢氧化钠混碱调控剩余污泥碱性发酵,提高发酵过程SCFAs产量,进一步提高SCFAs提取效率.通过配置不同氢氧化钠和氢氧化钙混合比例的碱液,用于调控剩余污泥碱性发酵实验,发现混碱比例为25∶75时,可避免钙离子对污泥水解产酸影响,发酵液中SCFAs浓度达到6581.4 mg·L~(-1)(以每COD计,下同),是空白对照组(4179.4 mg·L~(-1))的1.6倍.同时,碱液提供的钙离子可将污泥发酵过程释放的无机阴离子去除,CO■、PO■浓度分别低至3.7 mmol·L~(-1)和0.5 mg·L~(-1).利用氢氧化钠和氢氧化钙调控剩余污泥进行混碱厌氧发酵,可有效提高SCFAs的产量,消除主要无机阴离子对发酵液原位合成层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)提取SCFAs的干扰,合成的LDHs中SCFAs的含量为52.3 mg·g~(-1) LDHs,是空白组(18.9 mg·g~(-1)LDHs)的2.8倍.     

复掺轻骨料纤维喷射混凝土力学及导热性能试验研究*

为有效隔绝高地温公路隧道、深部高温巷道施工过程中的围岩散热,利用正交试验方法,以不同复合陶粒、陶砂掺量、聚丙烯纤维为影响因素,设计出1种隔热效应的轻骨料纤维喷射混凝土（Lightweight Aggregate Fiber Shotcrete,LAFS）,进行含水率、抗压、劈裂抗拉及导热性能试验,并借助X射线衍射、扫描电镜对LAFS进行机理分析。结果表明:3种因素对LAFS力学及导热性能的影响程度均为陶粒掺量>陶砂掺量>聚丙烯纤维掺量,本试验条件下,复合双掺陶粒、陶砂分别取代石子、砂子的最佳体积率为12%,6%,聚丙烯纤维的最佳掺量范围为0.2%~0.3%。建立的LAFS各性能预测模型可为工程应用LAFS确定其配比时提供试验依据。     

Topsoil dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and sources along an urban-rural gradient in the Yellow River Delta

The Yellow River Delta (YRD) is a typical agricultural and petrochemical industrial area of China. To assess the current status of soil dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) residues, topsoil samples (0-15 cm) (n = 82) were collected in Bincheng District, at the geographic center of the YRD. The total concentrations of six DDT homologues were within 3.3-3819 μg/kg, with a mean concentration of 191 μg/kg, showing significant increase along urban-rural gradient. Soil concentrations of seven indicator PCBs in the area ranged from non-detectable to 87.0 μg/kg, dominated by heavily chlorinated PCBs (PCB-101 and -118). Soil PCBs concentrations were significantly greater in urban than suburban and rural areas. Principal component and multiple linear regression analysis suggest that 86.4% of soil DDTs originate from past DDT usage, and 13.6% originate from dicofol application. Soil PCBs most likely originate from the petrochemical industry (77.1%), municipal solid waste disposal (16.5%), local commercial PCB homologues usage (5.2%), and long-range atmospheric deposition (1.2%). In general, soil DDTs pollution was classified as low level, and mean PCBs concentrations were below the severe contamination classification range. Because PCB-118 is a dioxin-like congener, monitoring and remediation is advised to assess and reduce negative environmental and human health effects from soil DDTs and dioxin-like congeners in the study area.     

A Strategy to Achieve the Inherently Flame-retardant PA56 by Copolymerization with DDP

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - As a bio-based polyamide, polypentamethylene adipate (PA56) is restricted in many fields due to its flammability. In this research, flame-retardant PA56...     

西樵山国家森林公园有害植物现状分析

结合西樵山国家森林公园管理公司提供的植被及道路图,运用面上调查和点调查相结合的方法对西樵山国家森林公园的有害植物进行了系统和全面的调查,对西樵山国家森林公园的有害植物危害现状进行了分析.调查结果显示,西樵山国家森林公同有害植物共有25种,录属19科25属,包括本地种20种,外来种5种,达到严重危害的有19种.本地植物成灾面积达56万m2,外来植物成灾面积14万m2,本地植物与外来植物的成灾比例是4:1.针对主要的15种有害植物,对其分布、危害面积与危害特点进行了逐一分析与描述.根据西樵山国家森林公园有害植物的危害现状的分析,本地植物的危害程度和范围都比外来植物大得多,并分析了西樵山国家森林公园有害植物的发展趋势.     

Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate on acute toxicity,superoxide dismutase,and cellulase activity in the earthworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eisenia fetida</Emphasis>

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are the two best-known perfluorinated chemicals and have received much attention due to their ubiquity in the environment. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of PFOS and PFOA on acute toxicity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and cellulase activities in Eisenia fetida. The results of acute toxicity testing using a filter paper contact test and a natural field soil test showed that PFOA and PFOS exhibited acute toxicity in earthworms, and the toxic effect of PFOS was greater than that of PFOA. The results also showed that avoidance behavior is a more sensitive and easy operation biomarker than acute toxicity and will give us information for early diagnosis of soil pollution, well before the lethal effect becomes apparent. Subchronic exposure to PFOA or PFOS resulted in changes in SOD and cellulase activities in E. fetida, and SOD activity was more sensitive than cellulase activity during early exposure. Based on these findings, we suggest that avoidance behavior and SOD activity in earthworms are suitable biomarkers for evaluating the toxicity of PFOA- and PFOS-contaminated soils. These results indicate that exposure to PFOA and PFOS has a potential impact on soil animals and their environment.     

工业区域网格化环境管理模式研究

工业区域由于环境状况复杂、差异性大而难以进行系统、有效的环境管理.以华东某工业区域为例,对网格化环境管理模式及区域污染指数(RPI)评定指标体系进行了研究,并对2007年该工业区域各网格环境状况进行了评定.结果显示,环境等级为优良、合格、轻污染、中污染、重污染的网格面积分别为34.14、130.32、79.47、45.36、3.10 km2,环境评定结果与现状基本相符.实证表明,在环境状况复杂、差异性大的工业区域,网格化环境管理模式是一种有效的管理方法.同时,在网格化环境管理模式的具体实践中,应注意环境状况评定指标体系的设定、计算机技术的应用、环境数据的实效性、网格交界处环境数据的处理以及管理机制等问题,要结合工业区域特点找出具体方法.     

西樵山国家森林公园有害植物控制策略研究

在对西樵山森林公园有害植物危害现状调查的基础上,针对其危害特性和国内外相关研究现状,提出了相应的控制策略,主要包括以下几个方面:(1)提高认识,增强生态危机意识;(2)加强基础研究,为有害植物管理提供依据;(3)加强物理防除,短期控制有害植物蔓延;(4)加强化学防除研究,筛选有效的化学除草剂;(5)加强生物防治技术研究,构建有效的生物防治技术体系;(6)加强生态调控技术研究,构建健康的植物群落;(7)加强景观改造,构建生态安全景观格局;(8)建立有害植物预警系统,长期监控植物疫情.