FT-ICR mass spectrometry for molecular characterization of water-insoluble organic compounds in winter atmospheric fine particulate matters

Water-insoluble organic compounds（WIOCs） are an important fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matters(PM_2.5), which could affect the climate system and threaten human health potentially. In this study, molecular characterization of WIOCs in PM_2.5 were investigated by 15 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry（FT-ICR MS） with atmospheric pressure photoionization（APPI） source in positive ion mode. A total of 2573 and1875 molecular formulas were iden...     

Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 “healthy” and “sub-healthy” sites and 8 “sub-sick” and “sick” sites.     

工业园能源代谢分析

运用工业代谢分析方法对某农药化学工业园能源代谢系统进行量化分析. 结果表明:提升能源转化水平、改善能源利用效率是优化该工业园能源系统的2个有效途径,可减少能源代谢过程中的资源消耗与环境压力. 进一步根据能源代谢模型量化分析得出,提升工业园热电厂运行水平,达到供热煤耗0.043 t/GJ,供电煤耗4.538 t/(104 kW·h)(2004年江苏省平均水平),将较2005年水平减少原煤消耗35.31%;将能源利用水平较低企业的电力利用效率和蒸汽利用效率分别提高到园区平均水平(58.01%和63.84%),可较2005年水平减少原煤消耗2.5%左右.      

基于CSGD的排放清单处理工具研究

CSGD（crowd sourcing geographic data,众源地理数据）是通过互联网向大众或相关机构提供的一种开放地理空间数据,具有易获取、时效性好、准确性高等特点,在排放清单时空分配方面具有应用潜力.然而,现有排放清单处理工具不支持CSGD数据直接输入且难以满足排放清单空间分配和空气质量模式所需清单格式,因此,亟待开发一套可以拓展该类数据在排放清单领域应用的工具.以CSGD中的POI（城市设施兴趣点）数据为主要研究对象,基于QGIS平台、C++语言及Python语言,开发了在Windows系统下的ISAT（inventory spatial allocate tool,排放清单空间分配工具）工具及在Windows或Linux系统下的ISAT.M工具.结果表明:ISAT工具以POI数据为基础制作出的空间分配结果与排放源排放强度的空间分布特征的一致性较好;ISAT.M工具输出的inline清单可以作为CMAQ空气质量模式及其DDM敏感性分析模块的输入文件并开展模拟,通过与SMOKE模型的关闭源法模拟结果对比发现,二者在数据及空间分布上呈较好的一致性.研究显示,CSGD数据应用于排放清单空间分配可较好地反映排放源空间分布特征,同时由于此类数据存在信息冗杂、近郊区数据缺失等问题,在应用过程中应注意数据清洗及数据种类的选取工作.      

低温条件下生物除磷系统的强化启动和运行

本文通过对比试验对冬季低温条件下生物除磷系统的启动和运行进行了研究，结果表明，低温条件下：(1)温度对生物除磷系统的影响是通过影响有机物的酸化水解而间接产生作用的；(2)通过人工投加HAc使污水中VFA≥80mg／L时，可以顺利启动生物除磷系统；(3)设置独立水解酸化池，可以提高生物除磷效果，在进水COD=150～300mg/L、磷酸盐=5mg／L时，出水磷酸盐≤1mg／L；(4)低温条件下按照水解-外循环ERP-SBR方式运行时，在磷酸盐浓度高达10mg／L的情况下仍能保证出水磷酸盐浓度≤0．5mg／L。     

六氯苯和重金属复合污染沉积物的电动力学修复研究

以某化工厂排污沟渠中受六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene,HCB)、锌和镍复合污染的实际沉积物为对象,研究非离子表面活性剂OP-10对沉积物中污染物的增溶解吸效果和电动力学修复污染物的强化迁移效果。解吸实验结果表明:OP-10对HCB增溶解吸效果较好,对重金属离子的解吸有一定的促进作用。电动力学修复发现,随电渗析流进入沉积物中的OP-10很快的吸附在靠近阳极沉积物上,从而阻碍了助剂的输送并影响HCB的迁移,而靠近阴极区域沉积物中的有机质迁移会促进HCB的去除。沉积物pH变化引起的重金属沉淀是制约锌迁移的主要因素。镍的整体迁移效果不明显。     

Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in sediments and paddy soils from Liaohe River Basin, China: Levels, distribution and mass inventory

Hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) are two kinds of brominated flame retardants and widely present in the environment and biota. The levels,spatial distributions and mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA were investigated in sediments and paddy soils from the Liaohe River Basin in northeast China. The concentrations of ΣHBCD and TBBPA were in the range of not detected(nd) to 4.02 ng/g dry weight(dw) and 0.03 to 4.06 ng/g dw, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominated in sediments,while the abundance of α-HBCD was relatively high in paddy soils. The spatial distributions of HBCD and TBBPA in surface sediments and paddy soils indicated that the local point-input was their major source. The significant correlation between total organic carbon(TOC) contents and the HBCD levels suggested that TOC content also exerted an influence on the distribution of HBCD in sediments. Meanwhile, it was found that the irrigation with river water was not the major transportation pathway of HBCD and TBBPA in paddy soils. Based on the study, it was estimated that there were about 1.67 tons HBCD and 2.20 tons TBBPA deposited into sediments of the Liaohe River system every year. The total mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA in sediments were far higher than that in paddy soils.     

流域水质目标管理技术研究(Ⅰ)——控制单元的总量控制技术

对国内外水污染防治技术体系进行了归纳总结,系统地介绍了美国水质管理技术——TMDL计划的技术框架和特点,指出TMDL对我国水质目标管理的借鉴意义. 在“以人为本,保护水生态”以及“分类、分区、分级、分期”理念的指导下,构建了以保持水生态系统健康为目标的流域水质目标管理技术体系,阐述了该体系的内涵和特点,研究了面向控制单元的总量控制技术方法,对水环境生态分区、水质标准体系的建立、水污染控制单元的选取、实际和允许负荷量的计算、污染负荷分配等关键技术进行了探讨,最后就如何实现流域水质目标管理体系提出了建议.       

外加氮源对滇池沉积物氮矿化影响的研究

采用连续培养法,在淹水条件下研究了添加外源氮对滇池沉积物氮矿化过程的影响.结果表明,在本研究条件下,添加水生植物残体或无机氮,均未改变沉积物氮矿化的总体趋势,表现为培养前期矿化量迅速升高并达到峰值,之后逐渐下降.各处理累积氮矿化量最大值为722.34~625.67mg/kg,约占总氮的10.5%~20.3%,与土壤相比,具有较大的矿化潜能.外加水生植物(孤尾藻,芦苇)残体的处理约在21d达到累积氮矿化量的峰值,比原沉积物分别增加了15.9%和9.3%.外加水生植物(孤尾藻,芦苇)残体和无机氮的处理比仅添加水生植物残体的处理累积氮矿化量达到峰值的时间晚一周,其最大累积氮矿化量分别减少了7.5%,9.8%和8.3%.运用Two–pool模型对试验结果进行了非线性回归拟合,通过参数和实际应用可能性剖析,Two–pool模型能较为准确地描述沉积物氮矿化过程.     

我国七大流域河道生态用水现状评价

从河流生态用水的基本属性出发,提出了河道生态用水"量"与"质"的评价方法,其中量的评价方法包括水资源利用率法、实测径流法、消耗系数等3种方法,质的评价是基于污径比指标进行评价,并确定了"量"与"质"的评价标准。以我国松花江、辽河、海河、黄河、淮河、长江、珠江等7个流域为例,采用上述方法进行实证分析,结果表明,如果单纯从量的角度进行评价,仅海河、黄河流域存在河道生态用水短缺现象,其它流域总体上为基本不短缺。但是如果对生态用水的质进行评价,只有松花江、长江和珠江的水质可以满足生态用水的要求,其它流域均在较差等级以下。结果表明只有从量和质两个方面进行评价,才能够揭示出我国生态用水的水量性或者水质性短缺的现实状况。