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671.
672.
Karsten Suhre Vincent Crassier Cline Mari Robert Rosset Doug W. Johnson Simon Osborne Robert Wood Meinrat O. Andreae Brian Bandy Timothy S. Bates Steven Businger Christian Gerbig Frank Raes Jochen Rudolph 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2000,34(29-30)
Three Lagrangian experiments were conducted during IGAC's second aerosol characterization experiment (ACE-2) in the area between Portugal, Tenerife and Madeira in June/July 1997. During each Lagrangian experiment, a boundary layer air mass was followed for about 30 h, and the temporal evolution of its chemical and aerosol composition was documented by a series of vertical profiles and horizontal box pattern flown by the Meteorological Research Flight research aircraft Hercules C130. The wealth of observational data that has been collected during these three Lagrangian experiments is the basis for the development and testing of a one-dimensional Lagrangian boundary layer model with coupled gas, aqueous, and aerosol phase chemistry. The focus of this paper is on current model limitations and strengths. We show that the model is able to represent the dynamical and chemical evolution of the marine boundary layer, in some cases requiring adjustments of the subsidence velocity and of the surface heat fluxes. Entrainment of a layer rich in ozone and carbon monoxide from a residual continental boundary layer into the marine boundary layer as well as in-cloud oxidation of sulphur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide are simulated, and coherent results are obtained, concerning the evolution of the small, presumably sulphate–ammonia aerosol mode. 相似文献
673.
Luke Christopher Evans Matthew P. Greenwell Victoria L. Boult Thomas Frederick Johnson 《Conservation biology》2023,37(4):e14070
Social media is an arena of debate for contentious political and social topics. One conservation topic debated online is the acceptability of trophy hunting, a debate that has implications for national and international policy. We used a mixed-methods approach (grounded theory and quantitative clustering) to identify themes in the trophy hunting debate on Twitter. We examined commonly co-occurring categories that describe people's stances on trophy hunting. We identified 12 categories and 4 preliminary archetypes opposing trophy hunting—activism, scientific, condemning, and objecting—whose opposition derived from different moral reasoning. Few tweets (22) in our sample of 500 supported trophy hunting, whereas 350 opposed it. The debate was hostile; 7% of tweets in our sample were categorized as abusive. Online debates can be unproductive, and our findings may be important for stakeholders wishing to effectively engage in the trophy hunting debate on Twitter. More generally, we contend that because social media is increasingly influential, it is important to formally contextualize public responses to contentious conservation topics in order to aid communication of conservation evidence and to integrate diverse public perspectives in conservation practice. 相似文献
674.
The variability in surface water chemistry within and between aquatic ecosystems is regulated by many factors operating at
several spatial and temporal scales. The importance of geographic, regional-, and local-scale factors as drivers of the natural
variability of three water chemistry variables representing buffering capacity and the importance of weathering (acid neutralizing
capacity, ANC), nutrient concentration (total phosphorus, TP), and importance of allochthonous inputs (total organic carbon,
TOC) were studied in boreal streams and lakes using a method of variance decomposition. Partial redundancy analysis (pRDA)
of ANC, TP, and TOC and 38 environmental variables in 361 lakes and 390 streams showed the importance of the interaction between
geographic position and regional-scale variables. Geographic position and regional-scale factors combined explained 15.3%
(streams) and 10.6% (lakes) of the variation in ANC, TP, and TOC. The unique variance explained by geographic, regional, and
local-scale variables alone was <10%. The largest amount of variance was explained by the pure effect of regional-scale variables
(9.9% for streams and 7.8% for lakes), followed by local-scale variables (2.9% and 5.8%) and geographic position (1.8% and
3.7%). The combined effect of geographic position, regional-, and local-scale variables accounted for between 30.3% (lakes)
and 39.9% (streams) of the variance in surface water chemistry. These findings lend support to the conjecture that lakes and
streams are intimately linked to their catchments and have important implications regarding conservation and restoration (management)
endeavors. 相似文献
675.
Holt J 《Journal of environmental management》2006,81(1):58-62
In many biological risk assessment problems and specifically those involving invasive alien species and quarantine pests, ordinal scoring systems are used as a basis for risk quantification. Frequently, the problem is disaggregated into a series of components to allow a more structured and systematic evaluation. Each component is then scored and an overall measure of risk calculated from the set of scores. No satisfactory method exists to compute an overall measure of risk and most practitioners have resorted to score-averaging. Here we describe an approach involving the linear mapping of scores to notional probabilities to allow the use of conditional probability to derive an overall measure. Initial results give better discrimination between high and low risk cases and closer correspondence with independent expert judgement than does score-averaging. 相似文献
676.
Alla Zelenyuk Michael J. Ezell Véronique Perraud Stanley N. Johnson Emily A. Bruns Yong Yu Dan Imre M. Liz Alexander Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(9):1209-1218
The photooxidation of α-pinene in the presence of NO2, with and without added NaNO3 seed particles, has been studied in a large-diameter flow tube. Particles formed by homogeneous nucleation and by condensation on the pre-existing seeds were sampled at various stages of the reaction, dried using four diffusion dryers, size selected at different mobility diameters (dm) using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA), and characterized with a single particle mass spectrometer (SPLAT II). It was found that homogeneously nucleated particles are spherical, have a density (ρ) of 1.25 ± 0.02 g cm?3 (±2σ) and contain a significant amount of organic nitrates. The mass spectra of the low volatility products condensed on the NaNO3 seed particles were found to be virtually the same as in the case of homogeneous nucleation. The data show that the presence of even a submonolayer of organics on the NaNO3 particles causes water retention that leads to a decrease in particle density and that the amount of water retained increases with organic coating thickness. Thicker coatings appear to inhibit water evaporation from the particle seeds altogether. This suggests that in the atmosphere, where low volatility organics are plentiful, some hygroscopic salts will retain water and have different densities and refractive indices than expected in the absence of the organic coating. This water retention combined with the organic shell on the particles can potentially impact light scattering by these particles and activity as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), as well as heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry on the particles. 相似文献
677.
Maria Athanassiadou Jonathan Baker David Carruthers William Collins Sofia Girnary David Hassell Matthew Hort Colin Johnson Kate Johnson Richard Jones David Thomson Nicki Trought Claire Witham 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(15):1877-1886
Possible effects of climate change on air quality are studied for two urban sites in the UK, London and Glasgow. Hourly meteorological data were obtained from climate simulations for two periods representing the current climate and a plausible late 21st century climate. Of the meteorological quantities relevant to air quality, significant changes were found in temperature, specific humidity, wind speed, wind direction, cloud cover, solar radiation, surface sensible heat flux and precipitation. Using these data, dispersion estimates were made for a variety of single sources and some significant changes in environmental impact were found in the future climate. In addition, estimates for future background concentrations of NOx, NO2, ozone and PM10 upwind of London and Glasgow were made using the meteorological data in a statistical model. These showed falls in NOx and increases in ozone for London, while a fall in NO2 was the largest percentage change for Glasgow. Other changes were small. With these background estimates, annual-average concentrations of NOx, NO2, ozone and PM10 were estimated within the two urban areas. For London, results averaged over a number of sites showed a fall in NOx and a rise in ozone, but only small changes in NO2 and PM10. For Glasgow, the changes in all four chemical species were small. Large-scale background ozone values from a global chemical transport model are also presented. These show a decrease in background ozone due to climate change. To assess the net impact of both large scale and local processes will require models which treat all relevant scales. 相似文献
678.
S.J. Oltmans A.S. Lefohn J.M. Harris D.W. Tarasick A.M. Thompson H. Wernli B.J. Johnson P.C. Novelli S.A. Montzka J.D. Ray L.C. Patrick C. Sweeney A. Jefferson T. Dann J. Davies M. Shapiro B.N. Holben 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(35):4497-4509
During April 2008, as part of the International Polar Year (IPY), a number of ground-based and aircraft campaigns were carried out in the North American Arctic region (e.g., ARCTAS, ARCPAC). The widespread presence during this period of biomass burning effluent, both gaseous and particulate, has been reported. Unusually high ozone readings for this time of year were recorded at surface ozone monitoring sites from northern Alaska to northern California. At Barrow, Alaska, the northernmost point in the United States, the highest April ozone readings recorded at the surface (hourly average values >55 ppbv) in 37 years of observation were measured on April 19, 2008. At Denali National Park in central Alaska, an hourly average of 79 ppbv was recorded during an 8-h period in which the average was over 75 ppbv, exceeding the ozone ambient air quality standard threshold value in the U.S. Elevated ozone (>60 ppbv) persisted almost continuously from April 19–23 at the monitoring site during this event. At a coastal site in northern California (Trinidad Head), hourly ozone readings were >50 ppbv almost continuously for a 35-h period from April 18–20. At several sites in northern California, located to the east of Trinidad Head, numerous occurrences of ozone readings exceeding 60 ppbv were recorded during April 2008. Ozone profiles from an extensive series of balloon soundings showed lower tropospheric features at ~1–6 km with enhanced ozone during the times of elevated ozone amounts at surface sites in western Canada and the U.S. Based on extensive trajectory calculations, biomass burning in regions of southern Russia was identified as the likely source of the observed ozone enhancements. Ancillary measurements of atmospheric constituents and optical properties (aerosol optical thickness) supported the presence of a burning plume at several locations. At two coastal sites (Trinidad Head and Vancouver Island), profiles of a large suite of gases were measured from airborne flask samples taken during probable encounters with burning plumes. These profiles aided in characterizing the vertical thickness of the plumes, as well as confirming that the plumes reaching the west coast of North America were associated with biomass burning events. 相似文献
679.
Markey M. Johnson Ron Williams Zhihua Fan Lin Lin Edward Hudgens Jane Gallagher Alan Vette Lucas Neas Halûk Özkaynak 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(38):4927-4936
The Mechanistic Indicators of Childhood Asthma (MICA) study in Detroit, Michigan introduced a participant-based approach to reduce the resource burden associated with collection of indoor and outdoor residential air sampling data. A subset of participants designated as MICA-Air conducted indoor and outdoor residential sampling of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This participant-based methodology was subsequently adapted for use in the Vanguard phase of the U.S. National Children’s Study. The current paper examines residential indoor and outdoor concentrations of these pollutant species among health study participants in Detroit, Michigan.Pollutants measured under MICA-Air agreed well with other studies and continuous monitoring data collected in Detroit. For example, NO2 and BTEX concentrations reported for other Detroit area monitoring were generally within 10–15% of indoor and outdoor concentrations measured in MICA-Air households. Outdoor NO2 concentrations were typically higher than indoor NO2 concentration among MICA-Air homes, with a median indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of 0.6 in homes that were not impacted by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during air sampling. Indoor concentrations generally exceeded outdoor concentrations for VOC and PAH species measured among non-ETS homes in the study. I/O ratios for BTEX species (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m/p- and o-xylene) ranged from 1.2 for benzene to 3.1 for toluene. Outdoor NO2 concentrations were approximately 4.5 ppb higher on weekdays versus weekends. As expected, I/O ratios pollutants were generally higher for homes impacted by ETS.These findings suggest that participant-based air sampling can provide a cost-effective alternative to technician-based approaches for assessing indoor and outdoor residential air pollution in community health studies. We also introduced a technique for estimating daily concentrations at each home by weighting 2- and 7-day integrated concentrations using continuous measurements from regulatory monitoring sites. This approach may be applied to estimate short-term daily or hourly pollutant concentrations in future health studies. 相似文献
680.