Evaluation of offline sampling for atmospheric C3-C11 non-methane hydrocarbons

The concentration variation of C3-C11 non-methane hydrocarbons(NMHCs) collected in several types of commercial flexible bags and adsorption tubes was systematically investigated using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector(GC-FID) system. The percentage loss of each NMHC in the polyvinyl fluoride(PVF) bags was less than 5% during a 7-hr storage period; significant NMHCs loss was detected in aluminum foil composite film and fluorinated ethylene propylene bags. The thermal desorption effic...     

Concentration and distribution characteristic of main toxic metals in suspended particle material in Nanjing reach, Changjiang River

Six stations in the lower reach region of Changjiang River within Baguazhou Island, Nanjing reach were chosen to investigate the toxic metals pollution characteristic in suspended particle material (SPM). SPM concentration, as well as reflectance spectroscopy characteristic, toxic metal concentrations, and lead isotopes of suspended particle material were studied. SPM concentrations were obtained from fluvial cross-sectional sampling near the surface (20 cm) and the study presents the cross-sectional averages. SPM concentrations varied around 170?C300 mg L^???1. Reflectance spectroscopy measurements differed from each other over each cross-section but no common pattern characterizing the cross-sectional behavior of the measurements was observed. The metal concentrations in the SPM decreased in the sequence: Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. The result of lead isotopes analysis proved that lead isotopes composition in SPM are mainly produced by natural contributions and influenced by anthropogenic activity at the same time.     

Assessment of heavy metals in sediments from a typical catchment of the Yangtze River, China

An intensive investigation was conducted to study the accumulation, speciation, and distribution of various heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in sediments from the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China. The potential ecological risks posed by these heavy metals also were estimated. The median concentrations of most heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were higher than the background values of soils in Wuhan and were beyond the threshold effect level (TEL), implying heavy metal contamination of the sediments. Carbonate-bound Cd and exchangeable Cd, both of which had high bioavailability, were 40.2% and 30.5% of the total for Cd, respectively, demonstrating that Cd poses a high ecological risk in the sediments. The coefficients of the relationship among Pb, Hg, and Cu were greater than 0.797 using correlation analysis, indicating the highly positive correlation among these three elements. Besides, total organic carbon content played an important role in determining the behaviors of heavy metals in sediments. Principal component analysis was used to study the distribution and potential origin of heavy metals. The result suggested three principal components controlling their variability in sediments, which accounted for 36.72% (factor 1: Hg, Cu, and Pb), 28.69% (factor 2: Cr, Zn, and Ni), and 19.45% (factor 3: As and Cd) of the total variance. Overall, 75% of the studied sediment samples afforded relatively low potential ecological risk despite the fact that generally higher concentrations of heavy metals relative to TEL were detected in the sediments.     

新型CuMn/TiO2苯类催化燃烧催化剂的研制及活性实验

采用浸溃法制备了CuMn/TiO2新型甲苯燃烧催化剂,其活性明显优于传统CuMn/γ-Al2O3和Cu-Mn复合氧化物催化剂.研究发现,载体TiO2自身有一定催化活性,而γ-Al2O3则几乎没有活性;TiO2与Cu-Mn之间的协同作用更提高了新型催化剂的活性.XRD、LRS结果显示,CuMn/TiO2催化剂的主要活性相为铜锰尖晶石(CuMn2O4),它的存在是CuMn/TiO2催化活性优良的另一个主要原因.考察了Cu-Mn负载量、铜锰比和焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响,CuMn/TiO2下对甲苯的去除率达95%以上时催化床层温度为215℃,比CuMn/γ-Al2O3和Cu-Mn复合氧化物对甲苯去除率达95%时分别下降了30℃、50℃左右.     

Anaerobic BTEX degradation in soil bioaugmented with mixed consortia under nitrate reducing conditions

Different concentrations of BTEX, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers, were added into soil samples to investigate the anaerobic degradation potential by the augmented BTEX-adapted consortia under niwate reducing conditiom. All the BTEX substrates could be anaerobically biodegraded to non-detectable levels within 70 d when the initial concentrations were below 100 mg/kg in soil. Toluene was degraded faster than any other BTEX compounds, and the high-to-low order ofdegradation rates were toluene>ethylbenzene>m. xylene>o-xylene>benzene>P. xylene. Nitrite was accumulated with nitrate reduction. but the accumulation of nitrite had no inhibitory effect on the degradation of BTEX throughout the whole incubation. Indigenous bacteria in tIle soil could enhance the BTEX biodegradation ability of the enriched mixed bacteria. When the six BTEX compounds were simultaneously present in soil, there was no apparent inhibitory effect on their degradation with lower initial concentrations. Alternatively, benzene, o-xylene, and P-xylene degradation were inhibited with higher initial concentrations of 300 mg/kg. Higher BTEX biodegradation rates were observed in soil samples with the addition of sodium acetate compared to the presence of a single BTEX substrate. and the hypothesis of primary-substrate stimulation or cometabolic enhancement of BTEX biodegradation seems likely.     

Cd~(2+)在两性-阴离子复配修饰塿土上的吸附-解吸行为

以十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)单一修饰和十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱+十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)复配修饰塿土黏化层土壤,采用批处理法研究了Cd2+在供试土样上的吸附-解吸行为,并对其吸附-解吸机制进行了探讨.结果表明,在20℃、40℃下起始浓度较小时,复配修饰土样吸附量大于BS-12单一修饰土样,温度对吸附的影响不大.Langmuir模型最适合描述供试土样对Cd2+的吸附等温线.复配修饰土样20℃、40℃解吸量差异不大,原土和BS-12单一修饰土样随温度升高解吸量增加.土样净吸附量20℃时BS-12单一修饰土样最高,而复配修饰土样和原土差异不大,40℃时复配修饰和单一修饰土样差异不大,但均高于原土.复配土样的吸附是静电作用和有机修饰剂有机相的疏水阻力综合作用的结果.     

地铁多线换乘车站火灾模型实验研究-(4)换乘通道火灾*

为了研究地铁多线换乘车站换乘通道的火灾烟气扩散规律,利用1∶10的地铁多线换乘车站火灾模型装置,在换乘通道内开展多种情景下的火灾实验,对顶棚温度、烟气扩散范围等进行分析,比较不同防烟分区通风联动模式的烟气控制效果。结果表明:自然通风条件下,通道内的烟气受到“L”型的建筑结构影响,在通道的转角附近区域发生蓄积,产生局部温升较大;综合考虑两侧站厅内的烟气温度分布情况,当靠近大站厅（站厅A+B）一端和转角处起火时,采用站厅A+B送风、站厅C排烟的联动模式具有较优的烟气控制效果;当靠近小站厅（站厅C）一端起火时,站厅A+B的通风对站厅C内的气流组织形式影响小,开启站厅C内风机进行排烟能够更好地控制烟气的扩散。实验结果可以为通道换乘式车站的烟气防排烟方案提供数据支持。     

基于量子化学分析表面活性剂对不同煤种润湿机理的影响*

为研究不同类型表面活性剂对煤润湿性的调控机理,首先将所选煤样的润湿性与煤样成分进行关联分析,然后采用透过高度法实验及量子化学计算相结合的方法研究表面活性剂对煤样润湿性的影响效果及机理。结果表明:煤的润湿性与煤中固有水分、灰分呈正相关关系,与煤中固定碳呈负相关关系;所选取的4种表面活性剂的加入会降低褐煤的亲水性,而对长焰煤、焦煤和无烟煤亲水性有提升作用,并且十二烷基硫酸钠对于这3种煤样亲水性的提升作用最为明显;表面活性剂分子、水分子及煤分子的表面静电势分布共同决定了表面活性剂对煤浸润性的影响。     

桁架转换钢筋混凝土井塔结构抗震性能研究∗

为研究罕遇地震作用下桁架托柱转换井塔结构的抗震性能 ,通过 PERFORM?3D、PKPM/SATWE 与 SAP2000 软件,分别对某桁架托柱转换井塔结构进行了静力弹塑性分析和动力弹塑性分析。研究抽柱前后井塔结构整体和关键构件的地震响应及破坏机制,得到了在罕遇地震作用下的层间位移角、基底剪力、顶点位移、结构塑性状态过程及转换桁架、框架柱、框架梁、连梁、剪力墙的内力变化和破坏状况。结果表明：在罕遇地震作用下,抽柱后结构的动力特性变化不大,整体结构具有良好的抗震性能,最大层间位移角为 4.4‰,符合规范要求;抽柱后基底剪力较抽柱前有所减小,但结构刚度满足要求;抽柱后的顶点位移略大于抽柱前的顶点位移,证明抽柱后结构的整体刚度略有降低;抽柱后屈服机制与原结构基本相同;转换桁架弯曲、剪切、轴向变形均未进入基本运行状态,具有良好的抗震性能;框架梁和连梁截面的抗剪承载力利用率变化不大,框架柱截面最大抗剪承载力利用率均值有所增大但依然满足要求,不会产生剪切脆性破坏,而剪力墙整体的抗剪承载力利用率均值偏低,建议适当减小剪力墙厚度,提高截面抗剪承载力利用率;抽柱后剪力墙扶壁柱的纤维应变发生了变化,最大拉应变小于钢筋的极限拉应变,钢筋未发生严重屈服,最大压应变小于混凝土的极限压应变。     

厌氧消化数学模型ADM1的研究及应用进展

自2002年国际水协厌氧消化工艺数学模型课题组推出厌氧消化模型ADM1以来,随着研究与应用的深入,该模型不断发展完善,已经被证明是指导厌氧消化工艺设计与模拟、预测厌氧消化过程及结果的可靠工具。总结了近年ADM1在生化反应动力学、不同反应器类型、不同发酵底物、厌氧消化微生物种群等方面的拓展与改进研究,简单介绍了该模型在厌氧消化实际工程中的应用及模型存在的缺陷和不足。