大气化学模式的数值计算方法

大气化学模式计算的一个重要研究热点是如何快速、精确地对相互关联的非线性常微分方程组（ＯＤＥｓ） 进行数值积分求解。由于大气中各物种寿命长短相差很大，导致ＯＤＥｓ 具有了很强的刚性，因而在数值求算过程中存在着计算精度和计算效率的平衡问题。笔者介绍了当前几种常见的大气化学模式的计算方法，包括ＧＥＡＲ，ＱＳＳＡ（ ＭＱＳＳＡ） ，Ｙ＆ Ｂ（ ＭＹ＆ Ｂ） ，ＲＡＤＭ ，ＬＳＯＤＥ，ＳＭＶＧＥＡＲ，小参数法，Ｇｏｎｇ ａｎｄ Ｃｈｏ及ＴＷＯＳＴＥＰ 等，并结合当前本领域内的部分研究成果对一些重要的方法进行了比较和分析     

SBAR内不同有机负荷下2种好氧颗粒污泥形成及除磷性能

在SBAR中首先采用低有机负荷继而提高负荷的方法成功培养出2种不同类型的好氧颗粒污泥。在长期培养过程中,对SBAR系统中的微生物特征包括污泥浓度、SVI沉降指数等指标及系统对废水中COD和氮磷去除性能进行评估。在稳定阶段,通过在不同浓度NaCl溶液中测试和对比SBAR内2种颗粒污泥的沉降性能。结果表明,系统经过89 d的低有机负荷(0.75 kg COD/(m3·d))运行,小颗粒污泥缓慢形成,表面光滑,外观规则为近似球形;大幅度提高有机负荷(1.6 kg COD/(m3·d))促使大颗粒污泥的快速形成,多数为椭球形,并且颗粒边缘清晰透明;经过93 d稳定运行,成熟的小颗粒和大颗粒的平均直径分别为0.35 mm 和1.35 mm;随着大颗粒污泥的增多,系统除磷效果明显增强;在不同盐浓度(0%~15%)条件下大颗粒污泥比小颗粒污泥沉降速度更高;小颗粒污泥在大于2%的NaCl溶液出现悬浮现象而大颗粒仅在15%的NaCl溶液出现悬浮现象,进一步说明大颗粒污泥密度相对较大。     

组合工艺处理猪场废水中试实验研究

采用改良UASB-MAP氮磷回收-动态膜好氧-水平潜流人工湿地组合工艺对某猪场废水进行了中试实验研究,重点研究了改进UASB和MAP工艺启动条件参数,并考察了组合工艺稳定运行条件下对猪场废水的COD、N和P等污染物的去除效果。结果表明,该集成工艺启动速度快,污染物去除效果稳定(COD、氨氮和TP的去除率分别为99%、90%和97%)。中试实验结果可为进一步的工程推广应用奠定基础。     

稀土Nd改性纳米TiO2-NTs/SnO2-Sb电极的制备、结构及性能

采用溶剂热法制备了稀土Nd掺杂TiO2-NTs/SnO2-Sb电极,以苯酚作为典型有机物,考察了电极组成、结构与电极电催化效能的关系,实验结果表明,Nd的掺杂量对电极电催化性能有较大的影响,当前驱液中Nd/Sn原子摩尔百分比为3%时,电极的电催化活性最佳,对苯酚浓度及TOC的降解速率较空白电极（Nd0%）提高了60%及52%。利用SEM及XRD分析方法对所制备的电极进行了形貌及晶形结构的表征,并计算了电极表面SnO2晶胞参数以及平均粒径,结果显示,适量地掺杂Nd元素后,电极表面更加致密,SnO2平均粒径变小。通过XPS分析电极表面元素组成,并计算电极表面吸附氧含量,结果表明,由于Nd元素的存在,降低了涂层中晶格氧（Olat）的含量,减弱了电子的吸引作用,促使了Sn4+周围电子云密度升高,从而电极表面Sn元素特征衍射峰表现为向低结合能方向偏移。与空白电极（Nd0%）相比,改性后的电极（Nd3%）涂层表面Sb含量下降,且吸附氧（Oads）含量上升,为空白电极的1.6倍。EPR测试结果进一步证实了改性后电极性能提高的机制,Nd元素的引入,增加了电极涂层表面氧空位的浓度,使得电极涂层表面各元素的化学环境发生改变。掺杂改性后,电极的析氧电位以及产羟基自由基能力均得以提升,从而促使电极催化活性大大增强。     

Role of hydrogen bond capacity of solvents in reactions of amines with CO2: A computational study

Various computational methods were employed to investigate the zwitterion formation,a critical step for the reaction of monoethanolamine with CO₂,in five solvents(water,monoethanolamine,propylamine,methanol and chloroform) to probe the effect of hydrogen bond capacity of solvents on the reaction of amine with CO₂ occurring in the amine-based CO₂ capture process.The results indicate that the zwitterion can be formed in all considered solvents except chloroform.For...     

城市污水处理厂微生物群落特征与群体感应调控

微生物群落在活性污泥中发挥有重要作用,为了解采用活性污泥法的城市污水处理厂微生物群落特征和群体感应调控作用,采集天津市某城市污水处理厂活性污泥样品,采用高通量测序对其微生物群落特征进行解析,并分析其群体感应调控作用。结果表明,该污水处理厂一年间活性污泥样品的微生物多样性和微生物群落结构存在一定差异性,主要是由于冬春季节发生了污泥膨胀。Ferruginibacter、f_Saprospiraceae_unclassified、Terrimonas、f_Blastocatellaceae_unclassified和metagenome等是该污水处理厂中主要优势菌属,冬春季节引发污泥膨胀的主要菌属是Candidatus Microthrix。群体感应调控作用分析表明C6-HSL能够抑制污泥膨胀,3OC12-HSL能够调控促进多糖的产生,f_Saprospiraceae_unclassified、f_Caldilineaceae_unclassified、SWB02、OLB12是主要的C6-HSL产生菌,f_Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17_unclassified是3OC12-HSL的群体淬灭菌。基于高通量测序的Tax4fun功能预测分析表明5月份污水处理厂的脱氮除磷性能均略逊于其他月份。     

室内模拟地表PRB处理离子型稀土矿区尾水

采用室内模拟PRB装置,以粒径2~4、0.6~1 mm沸石为填料,研究了地表PRB主要构造因子对渗流量的影响,并考察了地表PRB对稀土矿区尾水氨氮削减和泥沙拦截的效果。结果表明,细粒沸石级配为10%~15%时,渗流量变化平缓,有利于PRB系统稳定运行;渗流量与PRB厚度成线性负相关,与水位差成线性正相关;当进水口位置为1/3 PRB高度时,在较宽的水位差范围内水流均以渗流方式经过PRB,因而提高了PRB填料的利用率。优化设计PRB装置对稀土尾水的氨氮平均去除率为14.2%,泥沙平均去除率为58.2%,出水pH在运行前期有明显提高,其处理容量放大60倍后相当于尾水日处理能力354 t·d⁻¹,可满足矿区一般小流域支流的实际需要。以上研究结果可对南方离子型稀土矿区治理提供参考。     

Oxidative stress in liver of turtle Mauremys reevesii caused by cadmium

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The research was designed to examine oxidative stress of the liver of turtle Mauremys reevesii caused by cadmium (Cd). Turtles were injected...     

Concentrations and source characteristics of airborne carbonyl compounds measured outside urban residences

This paper presents the analysis of ambient air concentrations of 10 carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) measured in the yards of 87 residences in the city of Elizabeth, NJ, throughout 1999-2001. Most of these residences were measured twice in different seasons; the sampling duration was 48 hr each time. The authors observed higher concentrations for most of the measured carbonyl compounds on warmer days, reflecting larger contributions of photochemical reactions on warmer days. The estimated contributions of photochemical production varied substantially across the measured carbonyl compounds and could be as high as 60%. Photochemical activity, however, resulted in a net loss for formaldehyde. The authors used stepwise multiple linear regression models to evaluate the impact of traffic sources and meteorological conditions on carbonyl concentrations using the data collected on colder days (with lower photochemical activities). They found that the concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, benzaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal significantly decreased with increasing distance between a measured residence and one or more major roadways. They also found significant negative associations between concentrations for most of the measured carbonyl compounds and each of the following meteorological parameters: mixing height, wind speed, and precipitation.     

An improved GC-ECD method for measuring atmospheric N2O

Gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) has been widely used for measuring atmospheric N2O,but nonlinear response and the influence of atmospheric CO2 have been recognized as defects for quantification.An original GCECD method using N 2 as carrier gas was improved by introducing a small flow rate of CO2 makeup gas into the ECD,which could well remedy the above defects.The N2O signal of the improved method was 4-fold higher than that of the original method and the relative standard deviation was reduced from > 1% to 0.31%.N2O concentrations with different CO2 concentrations (172.2×10-6-1722×10-6mol/mol) measured by the improved GC-ECD method were in line with the actual N2O concentrations.However,the N2O concentrations detected by the original method were largely biased with a variation range of-4.5%～7%.The N2O fluxes between an agricultural field and the atmosphere measured by the original method were greatly overestimated in comparison with those measured by the improved method.Good linear correlation (R2=0.9996) between the response of the improved ECD and N2O concentrations (93×10-9-1966×10-9mol/mol) indicated that atmospheric N2O could be accurately quantified via a single standard gas.Atmospheric N2O concentrations comparatively measured by the improved method and a high precision GC-ECD method were in good agreement.