Ambient levels of atmospheric carbonyls in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

The measurements of atmospheric carbonyls concentrations in Beijing were conducted from 12 July to 8 October, 2008, covering the periods of the 2008 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Six carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, and hexaldehyde, were identified in all air samples. The total average concentrations of these carbonyls before, during, and after traffic restriction were (48.1 ± 15.2), (36.6 ± 14.5) and (23.4 ± 12.3) μg/m3, respectively. Compared with the period after traffic restriction, the distinct high concentrations of the carbonyls before and during traffic restriction were primarily ascribed to the remarkable contribution of photochemical reactions. With respect to our previous investigation in the summer of 2005, the reductions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone during traffic restriction period were about 64%, 47% and 27%, respectively, indicating that the air cleaning actions adopted by the Chinese government for the two games were efficient. The lowest levels of atmospheric carbonyls and the extremely high composition proportion of acetone after the traffic restriction were mainly attributed to the long-term effect of the control measures for the two games.     

用若干固体废弃物改良土壤的可行性研究

合理利用粉煤灰、水库淤积物和污泥三种废弃物对保护环境有重要意义。选择干旱半干旱地区 ,联合施用上述三种废物进行土壤改良 ,兼有建设生态环境的作用。盆栽试验结果表明 :粉煤灰、水库淤积物、污泥按适当比例配合施用 ,对改良贫瘠土壤、促进植物生长有明显效果。     

EGSB反应器回流方式改变的对比实验研究

厌氧颗粒污泥的培养和保持是EGSB反应器使用中的关键问题.通过改变常规EGSB反应器出水回流方式,将出水与回流水在沉淀区分离,能得到更好的水力条件,离散率更高,并且反应器内的死区减少,有效颗粒污泥的质量分数能提高13%,出水SS最大降低65 mg/L,从而有利于厌氧反应器内有效颗粒污泥的生长和更有效地去除污染物.     

生物陶粒处理深圳水库水的试验研究

利用生物陶粒对深圳水库水进行了生物预处理现场试验研究,试验结果表明,生物陶粒能有效地降低水中的ＮＯ２－Ｎ、ＮＨ３－Ｎ、ＯＣ、浊度、色度、Ｍｎ和藻类,在工作滤速为４ｍ／ｈ,气水比为１：１的条件下平均去除率分别为９０．８％,８４％、２１．４％６２％、４７％、８９％和６８％,是解决水源水微污染问题有效的预单元工艺。     

负载AsOB离子交换纤维FFA-1去除水中三价砷

对比两组填充了离子交换纤维FFA-1的固定床反应器（R1和R2）的运行处理效果,研究负载功能微生物的离子纤维组合工艺对不同浓度As（III）的去除能力.研究结果表明接种了三价砷氧化菌（AsOB）的R1能够长期稳定并高效地去除不同浓度（1~10 mg·L^-1）As（III）.未接种AsOB的R2反应器初期无法去除As（III）,随着微生物逐步侵入R2反应器,7 d后R2反应器As（III）去除率逐渐与R1接近.相对于一直稳定运行的R1反应器,每次提升进水中As（III）浓度后R2去除率呈现先下降后上升的趋势.同时,在运行过程中发现进水中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-等阴离子也会被R1和R2去除从而导致As（III）去除总量的下降.离子交换纤维FFA-1再生实验证实R1和R2中的纤维与原始的离子交换纤维FFA-1再生效果相当（再生率均达到90%以上）.进一步研究微生物种群结构在反应器中的变化发现离子交换纤维作为微生物载体可能是影响微生物种群结构的重要因素.本研究证实了功能微生物AsOB联合离子交换纤维可以作为一种高效去除地下水中三价砷的工艺,具有很好的应用前景.     

Activity maintenance of the excised branches and a case study of NO2 exchange between the atmosphere and P. nigra branches

The efficient maintenance of the activity of excised branches is the powerful guarantee to accurately determine gas exchange flux between the detached branches of tall trees and the atmosphere. In this study, the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) of the excised branches and branches in situ were measured simultaneously by using two photosynthetic instruments to characterize the activity of the excised branches of Phyllostachys nigra. The ratio of normalized NPR of excised branches to NPR in situ was used to assess the photosynthetic activity of detached branches. Based on photosynthetic activity, an optimal hydroponics protocol for maintaining activity of excised P. nigra branches was presented:1/8 times the concentration of Gamborg B5 vitamin mixture with p H = 6. Under the best cultivation protocol, photosynthetic activity of excised P. nigra branches could be maintained more than 90% within 6 hr in the light intensity range of 200–2000 μmol/(m2·sec) and temperature range of 13.4–28.7°C. The nitrogen dioxide(NO2) flux differences between in situ and in vitro branches and the atmosphere were compared using double dynamic chambers.Based on the maintenance method of excised branches, the NO2 exchange flux between the excised P. nigra branches and the atmosphere(from-1.01 to-2.72 nmol/(m2·sec) was basically consistent with between the branches in situ and the atmosphere(from-1.12 to-3.16 nmol/(m2 sec)) within 6 hr. Therefore, this study provided a feasible protocol for in vitro measurement of gas exchange between tall trees and the atmosphere for a period of time.     

Reviews of emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Asia

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the atmosphere play important roles in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in global scale and also in regional scale under some condition due to their large amount and relatively higher reactivity. In places with high plant cover in the tropics and in China where air pollution is serious, the effect of BVOCs on ozone and secondary organic aerosols is strong. The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review about the emission rate, emission inventory, research methods, the influencing factors of BVOCs emissions, as well as their impacts on atmospheric environment quality and human health in recent years in Asia based on the summary and analysis of literatures. It is suggested to use field direct measurement method to obtain the emission rate and model method to calculate the emission amount. Several recommendations are given for future investigation and policy development on BVOCs emission.     

城市生态经济系统模型构建与分析

根据城市生态经济系统(UrbanEco-economicSystem,UEES)运行规律和系统调控的目标,建立了UEES指标体系.以宁波市为例,采用偏最小二乘算法构建了UEES模型.本例中,模型的Q2cum值为0·996,表明其具有较好的稳定性和预测能力.计算结果表明,到2007年、2012年和2020年,宁波市国内生产总值将分别达到2588×108元、3250×108元、5261×108元;万元国内生产总值能耗、城市化水平与产业结构是影响经济规模扩大的主要因素,万元工业产值废水排放量和SO2排放量与经济规模呈显著的负相关关系.在此基础上,提出了宁波生态市建设过程中经济发展的若干建议.     

三峡水库主要支流沉积物的磷吸附/释放特性

以三峡水库主要支流寸滩、小江、大宁和香溪表层沉积物为对象,通过连续提取法分析4种沉积物磷的赋存形态,模拟研究了pH和温度对不同沉积物磷吸附/释放的影响.结果表明,寸滩、小江、大宁和香溪表层沉积物磷赋存形态均以无机磷为主(占总磷含量的59.29%～78.82%),其中钙结合态磷(Ca-P)含量大于铁/铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P).上覆水pH值对沉积物磷释放有明显的影响,中性条件下磷释放量最低,酸性条件下由于占优势的Ca-P大量溶解导致磷释放量大于碱性条件,因此,水体酸化易增加三峡主要支流(寸滩、小江、大宁和香溪)的磷释放风险.pH值变化亦明显影响沉积物对于磷的吸附,pH在6～8范围内,4种沉积物对于磷的吸附量保持在较高的水平,吸附量从大到小的顺序为:小江大宁寸滩香溪.偏酸性条件(pH6)下过多的H 与固体表面竞争溶解态活性磷(SRP);偏碱性条件(pH>8)下大量的OH->与SRP竞争沉积物表面的吸附位,故这-pH值范围内(pH<6或pH>8)磷的吸附量明显减少.磷在4种沉积物上的吸附为吸热过程,不同温度下(278K、293K、303K)沉积物对P的吸附均符合修正后的Langmuir模型,标准吸附热为18.92～46.63 kJ·mol-1其中,磷从水体分配到大宁河沉积物中的标准吸附热最大.     

溶剂系统结垢危害与清洗工艺

分析溶剂系统结垢的主要危害, 介绍水冲洗及系统试压、碱洗、酸洗、漂洗、中和钝化等化学清洗工艺步骤,应用后取得了良好的效果.