g-C3N4修饰的TiO2纳米阵列光电催化氧化去除氰化物

通过水热法制备了TiO_2纳米棒(TiO_2NRs)电极,然后通过液相生长法将石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)负载到TiO_2NRs电极上制备出TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4电极.电极的XRD和SEM表征结果表明,g-C_3N_4成功负载到了TiO_2NRs上.将TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4电极作为光阳极用于光电催化体系中,并于反应体系中不断曝入O_2,结果发现,与钛片相比,碳气凝胶(CA)电极作为阴极时,反应150 min后CN~-的去除率由13.4%提高到53.1%.与PC过程和EC过程相比,PEC过程对CN~-的去除效果最好.不同光阳极的对比表明,g-C_3N_4与TiO_2的复合可以大大提高阴极H_2O_2产量从而促进CN~-的去除.实验表明,外加偏压的增大可以提高体系中H_2O_2的产量从而增强CN~-的去除效果,CN~-的去除率随CN~-初始浓度的增大而减小.体系的稳定性实验表明,制备的TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4电极具有较好的稳定性.最后提出了通过碳气凝胶阴极利用光生电子原位产H_2O_2,强化了TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4复合电极作为光阳极对水中CN~-的去除效果的反应机理.     

湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的化学剥蚀速率——以贵州施秉黄洲河流域为例

针对白云岩岩溶作用过程研究较为缺乏、白云岩地区的化学剥蚀速率报道较少等问题,本文以中国南方喀斯特施秉世界自然遗产地内黄洲河典型白云岩流域为研究区,采用流域水化学径流法,通过获得的2015年3月~2016年3月水文年内钙、镁离子的月平均浓度和高时间分辨率的流量数据,结合白云岩流域的水化学稳态行为,计算出该白云岩流域的化学剥蚀速率为46.91 mm/ka,与其他相似气候条件下白云岩流域的化学剥蚀速率相当,但比以石灰岩为主的碳酸盐岩流域的化学剥蚀速率高38%。这主要是因为在自然条件下,亚热带典型白云岩在地域尺度上有足够的时间达到溶解平衡态,进而使白云石较高的溶解度成为影响其化学剥蚀速率的主要因素。     

过硫酸钠对我国典型土壤中多环芳烃氧化降解效果的影响

过硫酸钠是污染土壤化学氧化修复技术中应用较为广泛的氧化剂.为研究过硫酸钠对不同土壤中PAHs（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,多环芳烃）的修复效果,以我国多种典型土壤（黑土、潮土、黄土、紫色土、褐土、砖红壤）为试验样本,以萘、菲、蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘5种PAHs为目标污染物,分析活化过硫酸钠对人为老化的降解率;此外,通过对氧化前后土壤pH、w（有机碳）等土壤性质变化的比较和分析,探讨氧化修复过程对土壤性质的影响.结果表明:当活化过硫酸钠用量为0.8 mmol/g、温度为25℃时,PAHs污染土壤中萘、菲、蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘的降解率最高,分别为87.82%、79.68%、87.93%、83.40%、94.31%.随着温度的升高,PAHs降解率逐渐升高,当温度达到25℃时,PAHs的降解率（85.69%）达到最高,随后随着温度的继续升高,总PAHs的降解率没有明显增加;随着pH的升高,PAHs的降解率逐渐升高,当pH达到6~7时,PAHs降解率维持在一个较高水平;随后随着pH的继续升高,总PAHs的降解率逐渐降低.随着温度以及pH的变化,5种PAHs的降解率与总PAHs的降解率变化趋势一致. w（有机碳）越低,PAHs环数越高,PAHs降解率越高;高环（5~6环）、中环（4环）、低环（2~3环）PAHs降解率与总PAHs降解率变化趋势一致.此外,过硫酸钠氧化修复后土壤结构遭到一定程度的破坏,土壤的pH、w（有机碳）和土壤肥力会有不同程度的下降,对土壤的再次利用有较大影响.研究显示,过硫酸钠可有效氧化降解不同性质土壤中PAHs,在氧化修复PAHs污染土壤方面具有较好的应用前景.      

Complete Degradation of Hexahydro‐1,3,5‐Trinitro‐1,3,5‐Triazine (RDX) by a Co‐Culture of Gordonia sp. KTR9 and Methylobacterium sp. JS178

The presence of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) in soil and groundwater is a major contamination issue at many military facilities around the world. Gordonia sp. KTR9 metabolizes RDX as a nitrogen source for growth producing 4‐nitro‐2,4‐diazabutanal (NDAB) as a dead‐end product. Methylobacterium sp. strain JS178 degrades NDAB as a sole source of nitrogen for growth. A mixed culture of strains KTR9 and JS178 was able to completely degrade RDX. There was no difference in rate of RDX degradation by KTR9 alone or in co‐culture with JS178. The first‐order degradation coefficients of RDX and NDAB in the co‐culture were 0.08 hr^?1 and 0.002 hr^?1, respectively. In the co‐culture that initially contained RDX plus NDAB, strain JS178 degraded the NDAB that was produced by KTR9 as shown by a decrease in the molar yield of NDAB (from RDX) from 1.0 to –0.11. Co‐cultures of strains KTR9 and JS178 could be used to promote complete degradation of RDX in soils or groundwater. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

无机沉淀对土壤有机质吸附疏水有机污染物的影响

土壤有机质对疏水性有机污染物的吸附解吸是影响其在土壤中迁移、转化和归趋的重要因素之一。老化是有机污染物和土壤等介质长时间相互作用的结果,它影响着污染物的生物有效性。已有的老化研究注重有机污染物被土壤等介质吸附隔离的机制,很少考虑土壤等吸附剂自身演化对有机污染物吸附的影响。本文通过无机沉淀处理方法来模拟自然环境过程吸附剂自身的演化对土壤有机质吸附能力的影响,从而证明吸附剂自身的变化也是影响老化效应的一个重要因素。结果表明,不同无机沉淀包裹和填充的碱提土样品比原始碱提土样品具有更小的吸附能力,同时无机沉淀处理后的样品的吸附性能随着无机沉淀离子浓度增加而降低。这可能是无机沉淀覆盖碱提土样品的内外表面积和填充碱提土样品的微孔所引起的,同时也可能是无机沉淀占据了吸附有机污染物的高能点位所致。     

火炮机械系统可靠性强化试验方案探讨

目的尝试将可靠性强化试验理论引入其可靠性研究中,提高火炮机械系统的可靠性。方法首先分析可靠性强化试验的发展动态及其应用于机械系统的必要性,而后在对其理论依据进行分析的基础上,明确火炮机械系统可靠性强化试验研究的目的。结果依据火炮机械系统的主要失效模式,制定了包含机械工作原理分析等7个步骤的可靠性强化试验方案,详细分析了各环节的内容及作用。结论研究结果为可靠性强化试验在火炮机械系统中的应用提供一定理论支撑。     

Conservation Businesses and Conservation Planning in a Biological Diversity Hotspot

The allocation of land to biological diversity conservation competes with other land uses and the needs of society for development, food, and extraction of natural resources. Trade‐offs between biological diversity conservation and alternative land uses are unavoidable, given the realities of limited conservation resources and the competing demands of society. We developed a conservation‐planning assessment for the South African province of KwaZulu‐Natal, which forms the central component of the Maputaland–Pondoland–Albany biological diversity hotspot. Our objective was to enhance biological diversity protection while promoting sustainable development and providing spatial guidance in the resolution of potential policy conflicts over priority areas for conservation at risk of transformation. The conservation‐planning assessment combined spatial‐distribution models for 646 conservation features, spatial economic‐return models for 28 alternative land uses, and spatial maps for 4 threats. Nature‐based tourism businesses were competitive with other land uses and could provide revenues of >US$60 million/year to local stakeholders and simultaneously help meeting conservation goals for almost half the conservation features in the planning region. Accounting for opportunity costs substantially decreased conflicts between biological diversity, agricultural use, commercial forestry, and mining. Accounting for economic benefits arising from conservation and reducing potential policy conflicts with alternative plans for development can provide opportunities for successful strategies that combine conservation and sustainable development and facilitate conservation action. Negocios de Conservación y Planificación de la Conservación en un Sitio de Importancia para la Biodiversidad     

Optical and microphysical properties of severe haze and smoke aerosol measured by integrated remote sensing techniques in Gwangju,Korea

Aerosol optical and microphysical parameters from severe haze events observed in October 2005 at Gwangju, Korea (35.10°N, 126.53°E) were determined from the ground using a multi-wavelength Raman lidar, a sunphotometer, and a real-time carbon particle analyzer and from space using satellite retrievals. Two different aerosol types were identified based on the variability of optical characteristics for different air mass conditions. Retrievals of microphysical properties of the haze from the Raman lidar indicated distinct light-absorbing characteristics for different haze aerosols originating from eastern and northern China (haze) and eastern Siberia (forest-fire smoke). The haze transported from the west showed moderately higher absorbing characteristics (SSA = 0.90 ± 0.03, 532 nm) than from the northern direction (SSA = 0.96 ± 0.02). The organic/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio varied between 2.5 ± 0.4 and 4.1 ± 0.7.     

Successful outcome following prenatal intervention in a female fetus with bladder outlet obstruction

Bladder outlet obstructions are a diverse and heterogeneous group of developmental abnormalities that generally involve obstruction of the proximal urethra in the male fetus. Indications for prenatal intervention are few and are usually restricted to the male fetus because bladder outlet obstruction in female fetuses is usually caused by complex cloacal development anomalies. We report on a female fetus with an enlarged bladder and a dilated proximal urethra (known as typical keyhole sign). A vesicoamniotic shunt was performed despite non-reassuring prognostic factors, but the procedure resulted in a successful outcome. We propose that in selected cases of bladder outlet obstruction, fetal intervention should be considered even when the fetus is female. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.