Effects of artificially induced complete mixing on dissolved organic matter in a stratified source water reservoir

Naturally complete mixing promotes the spontaneous redistribution of dissolved oxygen(DO), representing an ideal state for maintaining good water quality, and conducive to the biomineralization of organic matter. Water lifting aerators(WLAs) can extend the periods of complete mixing and increase the initial mixing temperature. To evaluate the influence of artificial-induced continuously mixing on dissolved organic matter(DOM) removal performance, the variations of DOM concentrations, optical cha...     

Impact of pre-oxidation on the formation of byproducts in algae-laden water disinfection: Insights from fluorescent and molecular weight

Pre-oxidation has been reported to be an effective way to remove algal cells in water, but the released algal organic matter (AOM) could be oxidized and lead to the increment in disinfection by-product (DBP) formation. The relationship between pre-oxidation and AOM-derived DBP formation needs to be approached more precisely. This study compared the impact of four pre-oxidants, ozone (O₃), chlorine dioxide (ClO₂), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), on the formation of nitrogenous (N-) and carbonaceous (C-) DBPs in AOM chlorination. The characterization (fluorescent properties, molecular weight distribution and amino acids concentration) on AOM samples showed that the characterization properties variations after pre-oxidation were highly dependent on the oxidizing ability of oxidants. The disinfection experiments showed that O₃ increased DBP formation most significantly, which was consistent with the result of characterization properties variations. Then canonical correspondent analysis (CCA) and Pearson's correlation analysis were conducted based on the characterization data and DBP formation. CCA indicated that C-DBPs formation was highly dependent on fluorescent data. The formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) had a positive correlation with aromatic protein-like component while trichloromethane (TCM) had a positive correlation with fulvic acid-like component. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that low molecular weight fractions were favorable to form N-DBPs. Therefore, characterization data could provide the advantages in the control of DBP formation, which further revealed that KMnO₄ and ClO₂ were better options for removing algal cells as well as limiting DBP formation.     

2015—2020年湖北省PM2.5和臭氧复合污染特征演变分析

为揭示湖北省PM_2.5和臭氧(O₃)复合污染演变特征,基于湖北省17个地市的空气质量国控点和武汉市大气超级站组分监测数据,全面分析湖北省17个地市2015—2020年PM_2.5和O₃的时空变化特征及相关关系,探讨PM_2.5和O₃协同效应的成因机理. 结果表明:①2015—2020年,湖北省PM_2.5显著改善,平均降幅为4.7 μg/(m3·a),但冬季负荷仍较高,主要集中于中部地区;O₃污染凸显,平均增幅为3.8 μg/(m3·a),污染集中在4—10月的暖季,东部地区最严重,近两年超标天数已与PM_2.5相当. ②湖北省PM_2.5和O₃关联日趋密切,协同效应显著,日评价指标显示夏季二者呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.57),近两年当PM_2.5浓度≤50 μg/m3时,相关系数高达0.63;冬季PM_2.5浓度与O_x(O₃+NO₂)浓度呈正相关,尤其2020年东部城市二者相关性高达0.46,显示大气氧化性对PM_2.5二次污染的重要性. ③以武汉市为例,归纳PM_2.5和O₃复合污染的成因,暖季低PM_2.5背景下,高温、中等湿度和弱风速的气象条件以及VOCs和NO_x等前体物的高浓度排放,使得受VOCs主控的光化学反应加剧,易造成O₃污染,从而加强PM_2.5二次生成;冬季高的大气氧化性,叠加不利气象条件,促进颗粒物的二次生成,导致重污染时PM_2.5组分以硝酸盐等二次无机组分为主. 研究显示,湖北省PM_2.5和O₃协同控制重点为,在保持现有NO_x控制力度基础上强化VOCs控制,遏制暖季和东部区域O₃浓度上升,加强冬季和中部PM_2.5治理.      

Oxidative stress and genotoxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

This study was a preliminary step to evaluate the acute toxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ([C₈mim]Cl) on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) by determining the effects on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and by the comet assay. The results showed that [C₈mim]Cl had acute toxicity at concentrations above 20 mg L^?1, inducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity on fish liver cells. In respect to enzyme activities, [C₈mim]Cl induced changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione content the livers of fish exposed at 20–80 mg L^?1. [C₈mim]Cl at the same exposure level caused a remarkable increase in malondialdehyde level. The comet assay indicated that [C₈mim]Cl at 20–80 mg L^?1 induced genotoxicity in liver cells. With increased exposure concentration and time, the two comet parameters trailing rate and tail moment were significantly increased, with significant differences (P < 0.05) observed between control group and each treatment group. The present study shows that ionic liquids can be a threat to the health of aquatic organism when accidentally released to aquatic ecosystems.     

Evaluation of efficiency of aircraft liquid waste treatment and identification of daily inspection indices: a case study in Changchun, China

Evaluation of the efficiency of aircraft liquid waste treatment has previously been conducted to prevent pollution of the environment. The current study aimed to provide a set of practical methods for efficient airport sanitary supervision. Aircraft liquid waste was collected at Longjia International Airport, Changchun from multiple flights. The efficiency of liquid waste treatment as well as the water quality of the wastewater processed via a second-stage wastewater facility were examined by measuring a number of physical, chemical, and biological indices. Our results indicated that treatment solely via resolvable sanitizing liquid was not sufficient. Although the contents of first-class pollutants all met the requirements of the standard criteria, the contents of a number of second-class pollutants did not satisfy these criteria. However, after further treatment via a second-stage wastewater facility installed at the airport, all indices reached second-grade requirements of the discharge standard. We suggest that daily inspection and quarantine indices at airports should include the suspension content, biological oxygen demands after 5 days, chemical oxygen demand total organic carbon content, amino nitrogen content, total phosphorous content, and the level of fecal coliforms.     

Response of gill ATPase and liver esterase of pseudorasobora parva to a two month exposure to glyphosate and metsulfuron methyl

Responses of gill ATPase and liver esterase of topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasobora parva under sublethal exposure to glyphosate (WSC 41% as isopropyl amine salt) at 1.0, 5.0 and 25?mg/L and metsulfuron methyl (technical 98.2%) at 0.0095, 0.085 and 0.85?mg/L of water were measured at 8th, 16th, 24th and 65th days of exposure. Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by least significant difference (LSD) test and parameter estimates indicated a significant inhibitory effect on gill ATPase activity (max. 57%) by metsulfuron methyl and liver esterase activity by glyphosate (max. 43%) as compared to the control, but the differences in the residual activities among the concentration levels of the herbicides were not significant. The activities changed significantly with the sampling times except gill ATPase activity under metsulfuron methyl exposure. In most of the cases, the maximum inhibitory effect on the enzymes was recorded on the 8th day and over-recovering appeared with time.     

Measurement of air exchange rates in different indoor environments using continuous CO2 sensors

A new air exchange rate (AER) monitoring method using continuous CO₂ sensors was developed and validated through both laboratory experiments and field studies. Controlled laboratory simulation tests were conducted in a 1-m³ environmental chamber at different AERs (0.1-10.0 hr^-1). AERs were determined using the decay method based on box model assumptions. Field tests were conducted in classrooms, dormitories, meeting rooms and apartments during 2-5 weekdays using CO₂ sensors coupled with data loggers. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), and CO₂ concentrations were continuously monitored while outdoor parameters combined with on-site climate conditions were recorded. Statistical results indicated that good laboratory performance was achieved: duplicate precision was within 10%, and the measured AERs were 90%-120% of the real AERs. Average AERs were 1.22, 1.37, 1.10, 1.91 and 0.73 hr^-1 in dormitories, air-conditioned classrooms, classrooms with an air circulation cooling system, reading rooms, and meeting rooms, respectively. In an elderly particulate matter exposure study, all the homes had AER values ranging from 0.29 to 3.46 hr??1 in fall, and 0.12 to 1.39 hr^-1 in winter with a median AER of 1.15.     

五种水生植物对水中铀的去除作用

采用水培实验,研究了浮叶植物野生水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)、漂浮植物浮萍(Lemna minor L)、满江红(Azolla imbircata)、沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、挺水植物空心莲子草(Alligator Alternanthera Herb)在初始铀浓度分别为0.15、1.50和15.00 mg·L^-1水中的生长状况及它们对水中铀的去除能力.结果表明,在21 d的水培试验期内,满江红对铀表现出了最强的抗性,0.15、1.50和15.00 mg·L^-1的铀对满江红的生长抑制率分别只有4.56%、2.48%和6.79%,而满江红对水中铀的去除率分别达到了94%、97%和92%.进一步的试验表明,每1 L水中种植7.5 g满江红,可以获得最大的铀去除率,将初始铀浓度为1.25、2.50、5.00和10.00 mg·L^-1的水体降至国家排放标准(GB 23727—2009)规定值(0.05 mg·L^-1)以下分别需要17、19、23和25 d.研究结果为进一步开展铀污染水体植物修复的研究打下了基础.     

适于工业应用的TiO2纳米管的阳极氧化法制备

通过阳极氧化法制备了适于工业应用的大尺寸二氧化钛纳米管阵列.考察了电极形状和面积、氧化电压、氧化时间、预处理等因素对阳极氧化法制备二氧化钛纳米管阵列形貌的影响.结果显示,电极形状对纳米管的制备没有影响;阳极氧化前打磨与否对纳米管也没有影响;氧化电压、氧化时间和电极面积对纳米管的影响较大,只有在合适的电压和时间下才能制成纳米管阵列.电极面积影响电流密度,从而影响纳米管的形貌,试验中电极最大面积为360cm2.通过试验得出工业化制备二氧化钛纳米管阵列的最佳条件是电压20V,电解时间30min,反应前不用进行打磨.实验结果显示制成的纳米管阵列对强酸强碱的耐受力强,完全可以适应工业化废水的pH变化.