沁河流域水体污染物时空分异特征及潜在污染源识别

应用多种多元统计方法对晋城市沁河流域2005—2010年的水质数据(11个监测断面、24个水质指标)进行时空分异特征分析及潜在污染源识别.将聚类分析与判别分析相结合,在空间尺度上识别出重污染区和轻污染区,在时间尺度上识别出水质的年内差异性,揭示并探讨河流水质对降雨延迟的响应现象,进而将时间及空间聚类分析结果有机结合,开展时空联合分析与因子分析,有针对性地进行污染源识别.结果表明,监测断面可分成2类:A组(4个断面)及B组(其余7个断面),其中,丹河污染程度重于沁河,应当作为流域污染控制的重点;全年可分为2个时段:时段Ⅰ(7—11月)和时段Ⅱ(其它月份),时段Ⅰ水质略优于时段Ⅱ,流域面源污染或内源污染较严重;A组的典型污染指标共12项,分别为重金属、有机物、有毒有机物和其他污染物,主要来自于工业点源;B组的典型污染指标共11项,分别为重金属、有机物和生物指标,主要来自于工业和生活点源、生活和农业面源.     

便携式GC/MS对空气中苯系物的定量分析方法研究

文章采用简单快速的采气袋配气方式,以苯系物为例,研究了便携式GC/MS对大气中痕量有机污染物的快速定量测定方法。分别在Full scan和建立的SIM扫描方式下对苯系物标准样品进行了测定。对比实验结果表明,Full scan和SIM两种扫描方式下苯系物测定结果的相对标准偏差分别在5.1%~28.4%和13%~19%之间,回收率范围分别为46%~186%和60%~110%,方法检出限范围分别为2.504~10.63μg/m3和0.494~2.399μg/m3。总体而言,SIM方式在测定结果的精密度与准确度上均优于Full scan方式。室内外空气样品的测试结果映证了SIM方式在对痕量有机污染物测定的优势。     

“固化赤泥-人工膜”复合防渗材料研究

赤泥本身具有良好的防渗性能,加入石灰作为激发剂,更可提高其防渗性。根据《土工合成材料测试手册》和GB/T 50123—1999《土工试验方法标准》进行渗透试验,结果表明:室内试验在赤泥中加入8%石灰,并夹一层人工防渗膜形成的复合防渗材料,在固化28 d后,其渗透系数可达(7.3～7.4)×10-9 cm/s。在工业试验中,夹入不同厚度和质地的人工防渗膜的石灰(8%)固化赤泥,渗透系数可达到6.32×10-9～1.89×10-7 cm/s。研究成果在中原某铝厂赤泥堆场防渗工程中得到了应用。     

浅海跃层底质对水下声的影响研究

本文针对海底底质对水下噪声传播具有显著影响的现象,选取典型负梯度温度跃层,加载三个典型海底底质,即细砂底质、粉砂底质及黏土-粉砂底质,声波参数为固定值。试验定性分析了浅海海底底质对水下声传播的影响,仿真计算了海底底质对声传播的影响,比较分析了不同底质条件下声波的衰减差异,总结了不同底质对水下声传播影响的特点,并同行参考。     

发酵稻壳对亚铁离子和硫离子的吸附-解吸附特性

为了解发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-离子的固定潜力,采用静态批式法研究了发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-离子的吸附行为,探讨了反应时间、溶液中Fe2+和S2-浓度、溶液p H、吸附反应环境温度及溶液离子强度对发酵稻壳吸附Fe2+和S2-特性的影响,并进一步通过解吸附试验了解发酵稻壳吸附态Fe2+和S2-的稳定性.结果表明,发酵稻壳吸附Fe2+(r=0.912 1)和S2-(r=0.901 1)的动力学过程均符合Elovich动力学模型,且Fe2+(R2=0.965 1)和S2-(R2=0.936 6)的等温吸附特征可较好地用Freundlich等温吸附模型描述.发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-的吸附为非优惠型吸附,其中对Fe2+的吸附为非自发反应,对S2-的吸附为自发反应.发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-的吸附过程是一吸热过程,升温有利于吸附作用的进行,发酵稻壳对Fe2+的吸附主要为配位吸附,而对S2-的吸附主要为阴离子交换吸附.一定p H范围内(1.50~11.50)发酵稻壳吸附Fe2+和S2-具有较强的适应性.同时随着离子强度的增加发酵稻壳对Fe2+的吸附量有所增加,而对S2-的吸附量略有减少,进一步证明发酵稻壳对Fe2+的吸附以内层配位为主,对S2-的吸附以外层络合为主.此外,不同p H条件及离子强度下发酵稻壳吸附的Fe2+和S2-解吸率很低,解吸率均小于10.00%.上述结果说明,发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-具有较好的吸附能力和环境适应性,吸附态Fe2+和S2-稳定性好,不易再释放.     

嗜盐高效降酚菌株Halomonas sp.H17的筛选及降解苯酚特性

从巴丹吉林沙漠盐湖沉积物中分离获得1株在高盐环境下高效降解苯酚菌H17.分析了H17生理生化特性、16S rDNA基因序列、苯酚降解特性及动力学,结果表明,H17属于盐单胞菌属(Halomonas sp.),能在0～20%的盐度下有效降解苯酚,每升外加适量的碳源(葡萄糖浓度0.8 g)和复合氮源(KNO_3 1 g、NH_4Cl 5 g、酵母提取物0.2 g和胰蛋白胨0.2 g)能够促进H17的生长及降解苯酚能力.在温度为30℃、pH 7～8、盐度5～10%的条件下,H17均能高效降解苯酚,最高降解率可达到88.5%.该菌株降解苯酚动力学符合Halane模型,经拟合其生长参数为μ_(max)=0.31 h~(-1),K_S=191.63 mg·L~(-1),K_i=683.05 mg·L~(-1).研究显示H17具有在高盐环境下降解和耐受苯酚的能力,同时对环境有较强的适应性,体现出其在高盐含酚废水实际处理中具有良好的应用价值.     

FNA对短程硝化污泥菌群结构的影响

在SBR反应器增加游离亚硝酸（FNA）预处理单元,投加浓度为1.2mgHNO₂-N/L的FNA进行缺氧搅拌4.5h,连续处理3d,考察短程硝化污泥中FNA对氨氧化菌（AOB）,丝状菌和微生物菌群结构的影响.研究表明,FNA对AOB有短时抑制作用,并能够抑制优势丝状菌Candidatus_Microthrix（微丝菌属）和Cytophagaceae（噬纤维菌）的增殖,分别由5.1%和1.1%下降到0.78%和几乎不可见.SVI从281mL/g降低到100mL/g左右.NAR能够维持在90%左右,短程硝化不受到破坏.高通量结果显示,FNA处理后微生物菌群结构多样性与丰度出现下降,但Thauera（陶厄氏菌属）和Ottowia出现了增殖,分别增加到5.58%和7.82%,同步硝化反硝化（SND）作用明显,这使得即便只有短程硝化,总氮去除率依然能达到60%以上.     

Development of a model to simulate soil heavy metals lateral migration quantity based on SWAT in Huanjiang watershed, China

Lateral transportation of soil heavy metals in rainfall events could significantly increase the scope of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model with high accuracy to simulate the migration quantity of heavy metals. A model for heavy metal migration simulation was developed based on the SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. This model took into consideration the influence of soil p H value, soil particle size, runoff volume, sediment amount,concentration of water-soluble heavy metals dissolved in runoff and insoluble absorbed to the soil particles. This model was reasonable in Huanjiang watershed, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, south China, covering an area of 273 km~2. The optimal drainage area threshold was determined by analyzing the effects of watershed subdivision on the simulation results to ensure the simulation accuracy. The main conclusions of this paper were:(1) watershed subdivision could affect simulation migration quantity of heavy metals;(2) the quantity of heavy metals transported by sediment accounted for 97%–99% of the total migration quantity in the study watershed. Therefore, sediment played the most important role in heavy metal migration;(3) the optimal drainage area threshold percentage to ensure high simulation accuracy was determined to be 2.01% of the total watershed;(4) with the optimal threshold percentage, this model could simulate the migration quantity of As, Pb and Cd accurately at the total watershed and subwatershed level. The results of this paper were useful for identifying the key regions with heavy metal migration.     

Simultaneous quantification of fifty-one odor-causing compounds in drinking water using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

A wide range of compounds with various structural features can cause taste and odor(TO)problems in drinking water. It would be desirable to determine all of these compounds using a simple analytical method. In this paper, a sensitive method combining liquid–liquid extraction(LLE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(GC–MS/MS)was established to simultaneously analyze 51 odor-causing compounds in drinking water,including organic sulfides, aldehydes, benzenes, phenols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Three deuterated analogs of target analytes, dimethyl disulfide-d6, benzaldehyde-d6 and o-cresol-3,4,5,6-d4,were used to correct the variations in recovery, and five isotope-labeled internal standards(4-chlorotoluene-d4, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-d4, naphthalene-d8, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10 respectively) were used prior to analysis to correct the variations arising from instrument fluctuations and injection errors. The calibration curves of the target compounds showed good linearity(R2 0.99, level = 7),and method detection limits(MDLs) below 1/10 of the odor threshold concentrations were achieved for most of the odorants(0.10–20.55 ng/L). The average recoveries of most of the analytes in tap water samples were between 70% and 120%, and the method was reproducible(RSD 20%, n = 7). Additionally, concentrations of odor-causing compounds in water samples collected from three drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were analyzed by this method.According to the results, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and indole were considered to be the key odorants responsible for the swampy/septic odor. 2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin were detected as the main odor-causing compounds for musty/earthy odor in DWTP B.     

O池溶解氧水平对石化废水A/O工艺污染物去除效果和污泥微生物群落的影响

以实际石化废水为处理对象,研究溶解氧浓度对A/O反应器生物降解特性的影响.A、B两组反应器平行运行以进行对比,O段的溶解氧浓度分别控制在2~3 mg·L-1和5~6 mg·L-1.反应器稳定运行近半年的结果表明:在HRT为20 h时,A组反应器出水的COD(72.5 mg·L-1±14.8 mg·L-1)略高于B组(68.7 mg·L-1±14.6 mg·L-1),COD平均去除率分别为67.0%和68.8%;出水氨氮的平均浓度和去除率为0.8 mg·L-1和95%左右.出水的BOD5均低于5 mg·L-1.表明A/O反应器对有机物的生物降解比较彻底,溶解氧浓度对其没有显著影响.对O段污泥进行454高通量测序结果表明:变形菌门、浮霉菌门和拟杆菌门细菌所占比例较高,在A、B组反应器中的比例分别为58.7%和59.2%、14.7%和12.7%以及10.8%和12.4%.高溶解氧运行的反应器B具有较高的菌群丰度和多样性,氨氧化菌Nitrosomonas、亚硝酸氧化菌Nitrospira和专性好氧菌如Planctomyces的比例较高.厌氧反硝化菌如Azospira和Acidovora在反应器A中的含量较高.在属的水平,鉴定出的Novosphingobium、Comamonas、Sphingobium和Altererythrobacter属细菌具有降解多环芳烃、氯代硝基苯、农药和石油化合物的功能,有利于石化废水的降解.