The use of volcanic soil as mineral landfill liner--I. Physicochemical characterization and comparison with zeolites.

The main physicochemical characteristics of the volcanic soil of Southern Chile, with allophane as the main pedogenic mineral phase were analysed and compared with common zeolites (clinoptilolite) of the European market. The ultimate goal of this study was to test volcanic soil for the use as mineral landfill liner. The main results indicated that the clay and silt fractions together of the volcanic soil were between 38 and 54%. The buffering capacity of the volcanic soil was higher compared with the studied zeolites, whereas the cationic exchange capacity of the volcanic soil (between 5.2 and 6.5 cmol + kg(-1)) is of the same order of magnitude of the studied zeolites (between 9.7 and 11.4 cmol + kg(-1)). Moreover, the anionic exchange capacity of the volcanic soil was higher compared to the zeolites analysed. The hydraulic conductivity of the volcanic soil, measured in the laboratory at maximum proctor density, ranges between 5.16 x 10(-9) and 6.48 x 10(-9) m s(-1), a range that is comparable to the value of 4.51 x 10(-9) m s(-1) of the studied zeolite. The Proctor densities of the volcanic soil are in a lower range (between 1.11 and 1.15 g ml(-1)) compared with zeolites (between 1.19 and 1.34 g ml(-1)). The volcanic soil physicochemical characteristics are comparable to all the requirements established in the Austrian landfill directive (DVO, 2000). Therefore, the use as mineral landfill basal sealing of the analysed volcanic soil appears reasonable, having a pollutant adsorption capacity comparable to zeolites. It is of special interest for Southern Chile, because there are no alternative mineral raw materials for basal liners of landfills.     

Irrigation model of bleached Kraft mill wastewater through volcanic soil as a pollutants attenuation process

An irrigation process through volcanic soil columns was evaluated for bleached Kraft mill effluent pollutants retention. The system was designed to remove color and phenolic compounds and a simple kinetic model for determining the global mass transfer coefficient and the adsorption rate constant was used. The results clearly indicate that the global mass transfer coefficient values (K(c)a) and the adsorption rate constants are higher for the irrigation processes onto acidified soil. This means that the pretreatment of washing the volcanic soil with an acid solution has a positive effect on the adsorption rate for both pollutant groups. The enhanced adsorption capacity is partially explained by the activation of the metal oxides present in the soil matrix during the acid washing process. Increasing the flow rate from 1.5 to 2.5 ml/min yielded higher (K(c)a) values and adsorption rate constants for both pollutant groups. For instance, regarding color adsorption onto acidified soil, there is an increment of 43% in the (K(c)a) value for the experiment with a flow rate of 2.5 ml/min. Increasing the porosity of the column from 0.55 to 0.59, yielded a decrease in the (K(c)a) values for color and phenolic compounds adsorption processes. Onto natural soil for example, these decreases reached 21% and 24%, respectively. Therefore, the (K(c)a) value is dependent on both the liquid-phase velocity (external resistance) and the soil fraction in the column (internal resistance); making forced convection and diffusion to be the main transport mechanisms involved in the adsorption process. Analyzing the adsorption rate constants (K(c)a)/m, phenolic compounds and color adsorption rates onto acidified soil of 2.25 x 10(-6) and 2.62 x 10(-6) l/mg min were achieved for experiment 1. These adsorption rates are comparable with other adsorption systems and adsorbent materials.     

Leitfaden zur Beurteilung von Boden-Kontaminationen

This article investigates to which extent presently obtainable data can sufficiently evaluate soil contamination. Relevant data pertaining to this question are tabulated. Risk assessments are made for particular contaminations on the basis of the compiled data. The proposed procedure is a guideline for the practical evaluation of cases of soil contamination by organic pollutants. Analyses are made for soil compartments, including risk assessments for groundwater. Evaluations are directed at protection of resources and plant growth. The project aims at facilitating the recognition of research deficiencies and at suggesting appropriate measures.     

高浓度电镀废水的处理

介绍了某自行车厂电镀车间高浓度电镀废水处理工艺的设计；结合工艺运行的调试，对设计缺陷进行了分析。     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

香料废水治理工程设计与实践

文章对香料废水进行了分析研究,主体工艺采用曝气内电解-固定化UASB-两级接触氧化对某化工有限公司香料废水进行处理,经监测出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)中的一级标准,并用曝气内电解专利深处理香料废水,可较大的降低处理运行成本。     

真菌预处理优化制备微介多级孔炭及其吸附甲苯的研究

提出采用黄孢原毛平革菌对生物质前体物进行预处理的制备策略,从而研发孔结构可调的多级孔炭材料模板.选用荷叶作为生物质原材料,探讨菌种投加量、培养时间对多级孔炭材料前驱体的影响,并采用水蒸气物理活化法,分析活化温度和活化时间对炭材料比表面积、孔径分布和表面官能团的综合作用.最后,通过Raman、XRD、BET、FTIR、TGA、SEM、EA等手段表征其物理化学性质,并考察真菌预处理对炭材料的甲苯吸附性能的影响.结果表明,在生物质荷叶质量30 g、菌种投加量4 mL、培养时间7 d、活化温度800℃、活化时间90 min条件下制备的微介多级孔炭材料,在含有较多介孔的前提下比表面积可达937 m~2·g~(-1),总孔容为0.68 cm~3·g~(-1).动态模拟吸附实验发现,经预处理的炭材料在甲苯浓度905 mg·m~(-3)下对其饱和吸附容量为304 mg·g~(-1),是未经真菌调控荷叶吸附容量的1.83倍,吸附性能的提升主要归因于比表面积、孔容及表面酸性基团增大的作用.经真菌预处理调控的炭材料对甲苯的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,属于单分子层吸附.     

几个菜心品种硝酸盐累积差异的研究

通过对7个菜心品种在2种氮源形态下进行水培试验,以及对植株和吸收液的分析测试,探讨菜心品种间的硝酸盐累积、氮素营养特性及养分吸收的差异,为制定硝酸盐调控措施和选育低硝酸盐菜心品种提供依据。     

浙江天台山茶树光合日变化及光响应

自然条件下使用LCA－4型便携式光合测定系统研究了栽培天天台山主峰华顶山的茶树连体叶片的光合日变化及光响应。结果表明：在初夏晴天,上年越冬叶片（下称二年生叶）的光合速率,表观量子效率,羧化效率和饱和光强比展叶红16d的一年生叶高,CO2补偿点和光补偿点比一年生叶低,两者的净光合速率日进程曲线均为“双峰”型,午间胞间CO2浓度上升表明,此时净光合速率下降主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。一年生叶蒸腾速率高于二年生叶,它们日进程曲线为单峰河,午间最高,而气孔阻力进间最低。不同时段作光响应和CO2响应试验表明,上午茶树的表观量子效率,饱和光强和羧化效率较高,光补偿点和CO2补偿点较低。图3表4参26     

城市污水处理厂污泥中多氯二苯并二噁英/呋喃的分布特征

采用同位素稀释法-高分辨气相色谱-质谱测定了2007年北京8个污水处理厂污泥样品中多氯二苯并二噁英(PCDDs)和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)的分布情况,并根据毒性当量系数计算了污泥中PCDD/Fs的毒性当量(I-TEQPCDD/Fs).样品的I-TEQPCDD/Fs为1.4-15.0pg·g-1dw,平均值为6.0p...