Adsorption of mixed cationic-nonionic surfactant and its effect on bentonite structure

The adsorption of cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant onto bentonite and its effect on bentonite structure were investigated. The objective was to improve the understanding of surfactant behavior on clay mineral for its possible use in remediation technologies of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic organic compounds. The cationic surfactant used was hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB), and the nonionic surfactant was Triton X-100 (TX100). Adsorption of TX100 was enhanced significantly by the addition of HDPB, but this enhancement decreased with an increase in the fraction of the cationic surfactant. Part of HDPB was replaced by TX100 which decreased the adsorption of HDPB. However, the total adsorbed amount of the mixed surfactant was still increased substantially, indicating the synergistic effect between the cationic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactant-modified bentonite was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses. Surfactant intercalation was found to decrease the bentonite specific surface area, pore volume, and surface roughness and irregularities, as calculated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The co-adsorption of the cationic and nonionic surfactants increased the ordering conformation of the adsorbed surfactants on bentonite, but decreased the thermal stability of the organobentonite system.     

长白县双山三级水电站施工期环境监理的研究

近年来,水电站工程建设对生态环境影响引起人们的广泛关注,通过施工期环境监理的实施,可有效监管施工期环境影响行为,降低生态环境影响。文章以吉林省长白县双山三级水电站工程建设为例,重点论述了长白县双山三级水电站施工期环境监理的主要内容,阐述了中小型水电站施工期环境监理的工作程序和监管主要方法,为水电站建设施工期环境监理工作的开展提供资料,为中小型水利水电工程环境监理体系的形成和有效实施提供依据,确保工程建设社会、经济和生态效益的协调发展。     

Dietary exposure to di-isobutyl phthalate increases urinary 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine level and affects reproductive function in adult male mice

Phthalates are a large family of ubiquitous environmental pollutants suspected of being endocrine disruptors. Epidemiological studies have associated phthalate metabolites with decreased reproductive parameters and linked phthalate exposure with the level of urinary 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine(5mdC, a product of methylated DNA). In this study, adult male mice were exposed to 450 mg di-isobutyl phthalate(DiBP)/(kg·day) via dietary exposure for 28 days. Mono-isobutyl phthalate(Mi BP, the urinary metabolite) and reproductive function parameters were determined. The levels of 5mdC and 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine(5hmdC) were measured in urine to evaluate if their contents were also altered by DiBP exposure in this animal model. Results showed that DiBP exposure led to a significant increase in the urinary 5mdC level and significant decreases in sperm concentration and motility in the epididymis, accompanied with reduced testosterone levels and downregulation of the P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme(P450scc) gene in the mice testes. Our findings indicated that exposure to DiBP increased the urinary 5mdC levels,which supported our recent epidemiological study about the associations of urinary 5mdC with phthalate exposure in the male human population. In addition, DiBP exposure impaired male reproductive function, possibly by disturbing testosterone levels; P450scc might be a major steroidogenic enzyme targeted by DiBP or other phthalates.     

氚水在大豆土壤系统中的迁移与分布

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术研究氚水在大豆-土壤模拟生态系统中的迁移、分布规律.通过为期50d的模拟试验,测定了植物和土壤样品中2种形态氚(自由水氚和结合态氚)的比活度.结果表明:引入土壤中的氚水,不仅在系统各分室间转移和分配,而且迅速向系统外散逸;氚水中的氚以自由水氚和结合态氚形态存在于大豆植株和土壤中;大豆植株中的自由水氚比活度于6h时即达最大值(根19.4Bq·g^-1;茎叶12.3Bq·g^-1),随后便逐渐下降,而结合态氚呈缓慢增加;大豆根中的总氚比活度开始时高于茎叶中的比活度,而后趋于平衡,表层土中2种形态氚基本呈逐渐下降.运用示踪动力学分室模型原理对实验数据拟合得:土壤中的比活度C_s=88.37e^-11.847t+7.38e^-0030t;大豆植株中的比活度C_b=10.30(e^-0.030t-e^-11.847t).     

蔬菜的硝态氮累积及菜地土壤的硝态氮残留

在不同季节对11类、48种蔬菜的测定表明,硝态氮含量高于325mg·kg^-1,达到4级污染水平的有20种,占调查总数的41.7%,包括全部叶菜类、部分瓜类、根菜类和葱蒜类蔬菜.其中硝态氮含量高于700mg·kg^-1,超过4级污染水平的有5种,均为叶菜类蔬菜.叶菜硝态氮累积虽为严重,但其中部分蔬菜叶片的硝态氮含量却低于3级污染水平对不同类型菜地和农田土壤的测定发现,菜地0～200cma各土层的硝态氮残留量均高于农田土壤,常年露天菜地200cm土层的硝态氮残留总量为1358.8kg·hm^-2年大棚菜田为1411.8kg·hm^-2,5年大棚则达1520.9kg·hm^-2,而一般农田仅为245.4kg·hm^-2.菜地土壤的硝态氮残留严重威胁菜区地下水环境.     

pH过程控制对铁炭微电解-Fenton影响中试研究

采用铁炭微电解-Fenton联合工艺处理制药废水生化出水,探讨了初始pH对微电解过程COD降解速率、出水中Fe2+和Fe3+变化规律以及后续Fenton氧化效果的影响,为优化联合工艺提出了微电解反应pH过程控制的理论。采用pH过程控制时,微电解对COD降解速率大大提高,降解过程基本符合零级反应动力学,同时可大大提高Fe2+和Fe3+浓度及总铁析出量。试验结果表明:当初始pH=2.5,以3.0L/h连续性投加稀硫酸100 min,曝气微电解反应2 h,出水再投加1.0mL/L的H2O2进行Fenton氧化2 h,出水COD总去除率可达85.6%;采用pH过程控制可将微电解出水ρ(Fe2+)浓度从48.6 mg/L提高至149 mg/L,COD降解速率从10.9 mg/(L·h)提高至23.8 mg/(L·h)。     

外源稀土在土壤中各形态的动态变化

在小麦整个生长期内定期测定外源稀土进入土壤后各形态稀土随时间的变化,结果为:外源稀土进入土壤后可交换态稀土含量随时间的延长显著降低,减少的可交换态稀土一部分被小麦吸收,一部分被土壤所吸附,其中在分蘖期减少得最快;根系的分泌活动明显影响土壤中稀土元素的存在形态,铁锰氧化物结合态稀土含量在拔节期前逐渐增加,拔节期后略有下降;碳酸盐结合态稀土含量随时间的延长而降低,但下降幅度较小;有机物结合态与残渣态稀土含量随时间的延长没有发现明显的变化.     

汽车尾气净化催化剂Ag/SAPO-34选择性催化还原NO

评价了Ag/SAPO-34分子筛催化剂选择性还原NO的活性,并运用漫反射红外光谱原位研究NO在Ag/SAPO-34催化剂上的选择性催化还原机理.结果表明Ag/SAPO-34有良好的低温活性,在氧气浓度为3.6%和温度为573K～673K时NO还原成N2的转化率达70%;催化剂活性随C3H6浓度的增加而升高,随空速的增加而稍有下降.基于漫反射红外光谱,认为反应机理为:NO、丙烯和氧反应,在Ag/SAPO-34催化剂上生成吸附的有机-氮氧化物,再由这些吸附物种分解成N₂,催化还原的关键是形成有机-氮氧化物中间体.氧的作用是充分促进丙烯活化以及增加NO_x吸附态含量,并且氧的存在是有效产生一系列中间物不可缺少的条件.     

Hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl free radicals determination methods in atmosphere and troposphere

The hydroxyl radical (?OH) has a crucial function in the oxidation and removal of many atmospheric compounds that are harmful to health. Nevertheless, high reactivity, low atmospheric abundance, determination of hydroxyl, and hydroperoxyl radical's quantity is very difficult. In the atmosphere and troposphere, hydroperoxyl radicals (HO₂) are closely demanded in the chemical oxidation of the troposphere. But advances in technology have allowed researchers to improve the determination methods on the research of free radicals through some spectroscopic techniques. So far, several methods such as laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and chemical ionization mass spectroscopy have been identified and mostly used in determining the quantity of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals. In this systematic review, we have advised the use of scavenger as an advance for further researchers to circumvent some of these problems caused by free radicals. The primary goal of this review is to deepen our understanding of the functions of the most critical free radical (?OH, HO₂) and also understand the currently used methods to quantify them in the atmosphere and troposphere.     

Annual nonmethane hydrocarbon trends in Beijing from 2000 to 2019

High loads of ground-level ozone have occurred with the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan. However, the long temporal variation in precursor nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs) has rarely been studied. In this study, we examined the evolution of NMHCs in Beijing based on ambient measurements from 2000 to 2019. The results indicated that the annual variation of ambient NMHCs during 2000 and 2019 could be divided into two stages. The mixing ratios of NMHCs rapidly r...