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101.
The laser photolysis/laser induced fluorescence (LP/LIF) technique has been applied to studies of gas-phase mercury (Hg) chlorination. Mercury (I) chloride (HgCl) was been detected via LIF at 272 nm from reactions of elemental Hg with Cl atoms generated from the 193 nm photolysis of carbon tetrachloride. While the formation of HgCl was too fast to be observed on millisecond time scales, the kinetics of the consumption of HgCl have been determined at temperatures characteristic of post-combustion conditions. Rate coefficients and Arrhenius parameters for the reaction of HgCl with Cl2, HCl and Cl atoms were determined. The reaction of HgCl with Cl2 was the fastest reaction studied, while the reaction of HgCl with HCl was the only reaction to show any measurable temperature dependence. Estimates of the rate coefficient for the reaction Hg + Cl --> HgCl were determined using a modeling approach. Comparisons of these new measurements with model predictions are discussed. 相似文献
102.
S. Behrens Yamada 《Marine Biology》1982,71(2):187-192
Crab pots were used to sample a population of Scylla serrata (Forskal) in an estuarine area in Queensland, Australia. Pots were laid 100 m apart at fixed positions for 4 d each month for 1 yr (April 1980–June 1981). Data from recapture of tagged crabs showed that males larger than 140 mm carapace width and females larger than 150 mm had a higher capture probability than did smaller crabs; thus size-frequency distributions based on crab-pot captures are biased. Spacing trials showed that pots positioned 50 m apart fished competitively but that there was no difference in catch between those placed 100 and 200 m apart. Catch distribution indicated that the presence of a crab in a pot reduced the probability of further captures. Temperature and incidence of recently moulted crabs accounted for 66% of variation in monthly catches. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data can be used as a measure of relative abundance of adults if allowance is made for temperature and the incidence of moulting. The capture-mark-release-recapture method for making population estimates was tested but it is concluded that, because of cost and bias in collecting techniques, it cannot be recommended as a technique for studying S. serrata. 相似文献
103.
Masahiko Yoshida Kenshi Kuma Shouei Iwade Yutaka Isoda Hyoe Takata Masumi Yamada 《Marine Biology》2006,149(2):379-392
Cell growth and iron uptake of the coastal marine diatoms Chaetoceros sociale and Thalassiosira weissflogii were studied in the presence of short-aged amorphous ferric hydroxide (am-Fe(III)) media. These were prepared by aging for 1 day, 3 days, and 3 weeks after adding a small amount of ferric iron acidic stock solution to autoclaved filtered seawater and were experimentally measured in culture experiments at 10°C for C. sociale and 20°C for T. weissflogii. The order of cell yields for both species was: 1-day aged am-Fe(III) >3-day aged am-Fe(III) >> 3-week aged am-Fe(III) media. The iron uptake rates by C. sociale during 0–1 day in 1 day and 3-day aged am-Fe(III) media were about two-thirds and one-fourths, respectively, lower than that in the direct Fe(III) input medium containing C. sociale into which an acidic Fe(III) stock solution was added directly. The longer aging time of am-Fe(III) in media results in reducing the supply of bioavailable iron in the media by the slower dissolution rate of am-Fe(III) with the longer aging time. These results suggest that the chemical and structural changes of freshly precipitated amorphous ferric hydroxide with short aging time affect their ability, such as iron solubility and dissolution rate to supply bioavailable iron for the phytoplankton growth. The chemical and structural conversion of solid iron phases with time is one of the most important processes in changing the supply of available iron to marine phytoplankton in estuarine and coastal waters and in iron fertilization experiments. 相似文献
104.
The objectives of the present work were to study isotope ratios and the inventory of plutonium and uranium isotope compositions in sediments from Lake Obuchi, which is in the vicinity of several nuclear fuel facilities in Rokkasho, Japan. Pu and its isotopes were determined using sector-field ICP-MS and U and its isotopes were determined with ICP-QMS after separation and purification with a combination of ion-exchange and extraction chromatography. The observed (240)Pu/(239)Pu atom ratio (0.186 +/- 0.016) was similar to that of global fallout, indicating that the possible early tropospheric fallout Pu did not deliver Pu from the Pacific Proving Ground to areas above 40 degrees N. The previously reported higher Pu inventory in the deep water area of Lake Obuchi could be attributed to the lateral transportation of Pu deposited in the shallow area which resulted from the migration of deposited global fallout Pu from the land into the lake by river runoff and from the Pacific Ocean by tide movement and sea water scavenging, as well as from direct soil input by winds. The (235)U/(238)U atom ratios ranged from 0.00723 to 0.00732, indicating the natural origin of U in the sediments. The average (234)U/(238)U activity ratio of 1.11 in a sediment core indicated a significant sea water U contribution. No evidence was found for the release of U containing wastes from the nearby nuclear facilities. These results will serve as a reference baseline on the levels of Pu and U in the studied site so that any further contamination from the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plants, the radioactive waste disposal and storage facilities, and the uranium enrichment plant can be identified, and the impact of future release can be rapidly assessed. 相似文献
105.
M. Koroki S. Saito H. Hashimoto T. Yamada Masakazu Aoyama 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2010,8(1):59-61
We prepared a carbonaceous sorbent for Cr(VI) from the culm of Sasa
kurilensis by dehydration with concentrated H2SO4. The removal of Cr(VI) by the sorbent was highly solution pH dependent and mainly governed by physicochemical sorption. The
equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir isotherm model and indicate the endothermic nature of the Cr(VI) sorption. The desorption
experiments suggest that the Cr(VI) sorption is generally irreversible, owing to strong interaction of HCrO4− with the active sites of the sorbent. 相似文献
106.
Snappers (Lutjanidae) are one of the important fisheries resources in tropical and subtropical waters. However, there have
been few studies clarifying the ecology of newly settled juvenile snappers. The aims of the present study were to clarify
the seasonality and lunar periodicity of the larval settlement, and the microhabitat association of newly settled juveniles
for Lutjanus gibbus in an Okinawan coral reef. Fifteen coral patches were chosen and underwater visual surveys were conducted during a 2-year
period. The larval settlement of the species mainly occurred between May and October during the 2-year survey period. In terms
of lunar periodicity of the settlement, the newly settled juveniles were mainly found between the last quarter moon and new
moon during the main settlement season. Back calculations of settlement dates based on otolith microstructure showed that
most juveniles settled during the last quarter moon and new moon. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that the
newly settled juveniles were mainly found on coral patches with a large number of holes on the top of the coral patch and
this tendency was mainly consistent during the study period. The volume of holes at the base of coral patches had also a positive
effect on the abundance of newly settled juveniles in some cases. The results of the present study suggest that larval settlement
has a strong seasonal and lunar periodicity, and newly settled juveniles select coral patches with available refuge spaces. 相似文献
107.
Shin-ichi Sakai Junya Yano Yasuhiro Hirai Misuzu Asari Ritsuki Yanagawa Takeshi Matsuda Hideto Yoshida Tetsuji Yamada Natsuko Kajiwara Go Suzuki Tatsuya Kunisue Shin Takahashi Keijiro Tomoda Joachim Wuttke Paul Mählitz Vera Susanne Rotter Mario Grosso Thomas Fruergaard Astrup Julian Cleary Gil-Jong Oh Lili Liu Jinhui Li Hwong-wen Ma Ngo Kim Chi Stephen Moore 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2017,19(4):1295-1313
Although the 2Rs (reduce and reuse) are considered high-priority approaches, there has not been enough quantitative research on effective 2R management. The purpose of this paper is to provide information obtained through the International Workshop in Kyoto, Japan, on 11–13 November 2015, which included invited experts and researchers in several countries who were in charge of 3R policies, and an additional review of 245 previous studies. It was found that, regarding policy development, the decoupling between environmental pressures and economy growth was recognized as an essential step towards a sustainable society. 3R and resource management policies, including waste prevention, will play a crucial role. Approaches using material/substance flow analyses have become sophisticated enough to describe the fate of resources and/or hazardous substances based on human activity and the environment, including the final sink. Life-cycle assessment has also been developed to evaluate waste prevention activities. Regarding target products for waste prevention, food loss is one of the waste fractions with the highest priority because its countermeasures have significant upstream and downstream effects. Persistent organic pollutants and hazardous compounds should also be taken into account in the situation where recycling activities are globally widespread for the promotion of a material-cycling society. 相似文献
108.
Nakanishi T Zheng J Aono T Yamada M Kusakabe M 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(8):774-779
Using a sector-field ICP-MS the vertical distributions of the 99Tc concentration and 99Tc/137Cs activity ratio were measured in the coastal waters off Aomori Prefecture, Japan, where a spent-nuclear-fuel reprocessing plant has begun test operation. The 99Tc concentrations in surface water ranged from 1.8 to 2.4 mBq/m3, no greater than the estimated background level. Relatively high 99Tc/137Cs activity ratios (10-12 × 10−4) would be caused by the inflow of the high-99Tc/137Cs water mass from the Japan Sea. There is no observable contamination from the reprocessing plant in the investigated area. The 99Tc concentration and the 99Tc/137Cs activity ratio in water column showed gradual decreases with depth. Our results implied that 99Tc behaves in a more conservative manner than 137Cs in marine environments. 相似文献
109.
Sonoko D. Kimura Yo Toma Zhijian Mu Hiroyuki Yamada Ryusuke Hatano 《Sustainability Science》2010,5(1):19-27
Relationships among global warming potential (GWP), farmland surplus nitrogen (FSN) and income for major land uses in the
Ikushunbetsu watershed were compared using the eco-balance method. An empirical model was created for carbon dioxide, methane
and nitrous oxide for both uplands and paddy rice using monitoring data from 22 fields. The greenhouse gas emissions were
converted into GWP, whereas yield and FSN were obtained from interviews with farmers and a literature survey. Land use distribution
was obtained by ground surveys in 2002, 2005 and 2007. The analysis showed that paddy rice and soybeans were characterized
by a high GWP, low FSN and high income, whereas onions and vegetables had a high FSN but low GWP and moderate income. Wheat
showed a negative GWP in some years, and abandoned areas always exhibited negative values. The total GWPs for the region were
14,184, 11,085 and 8,337 Mg CO2 year−1 for 2002, 2005 and 2007, respectively. The contribution of paddy rice to GWP was highest, ranging from 40 to 75%. To find
optimal land use combinations that provide higher incomes and lower GWPs and FSNs than at present, all possible land use combinations
were analyzed by changing the land use proportion from 0 to 100% at an interval of 10%. The number of land use combinations
meeting the requirements in the three investigated years was 205. Abandoned area, which had the smallest environmental load,
was included in every land use combination, indicating that land uses with low environmental impacts should be maintained
at a certain proportion to mitigate the environmental load accompanying land uses with high production. 相似文献
110.
Using the number of segments of pleopod rami as a marker of instar number, the population structure (instar composition)
of the mesopelagic gammarid amphipod Cyphocaris challengeri was investigated by monthly samplings from May 1997 to April 1999 at a station off southwest Hokkaido, Japan. Laboratory-rearing
experiments were also conducted to establish the relationship between the number of segments of pleopod rami and instar number,
and to estimate the growth pattern of this gammarid based on the intermolt period and molt-increment data. Stratified sampling
in the field (0 to 200 and 200 to 400 m depth strata) showed this species occurred mainly at 200 to 400 m depth during the
day. Instar analysis indicated that C. challengeri has 12 instars in females and 11 instars in males. Based on observations of secondary sexual characters, Instars 1 to 6 were
designated juveniles (Instars 1 to 3 occurred in the marsupia of gravid females); in males, 7 to 9 were immature and 10 and
11 were mature, while in females 7 and 8 were immature and 9 to 12 were mature. Off southwest Hokkaido, Instar 4 (just released
from a female's marsupium) was found throughout the year, with a peak abundance occurring in April to July of each year. A
sequential development of Instar 4 to 9 (youngest adult instar) through the year was observed. Generation length (i.e. the
time required to grow from Instar 4 to 10) was estimated from a laboratory-obtained growth curve to be 216 to 584 d at the
in situ temperature range (2 to 5 °C), which is consistent with observations on field populations. Specimens older than Instar
9 were rare in the field and could not be used in laboratory-rearing experiments, so longevity could not be estimated. Eggs
were oval and measured 0.6 mm (large diameter). Brood size ranged from 20 to 65. Comparing the present results with those
of epipelagic hyperiid amphipods, the nearly identical growth rates together with the production of fewer but larger eggs
seen in C. challengeri appear to reflect to the typical life mode of deep-living pelagic crustaceans.
Received: 14 February 2000 / Accepted: 6 July 2000 相似文献