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71.
Waste plastics recycling process using coke ovens 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Kenji?KatoEmail author Seiji?Nomura Hiroshi?Uematsu 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2003,5(2):98-101
The Japan Iron and Steel Federation (JISF), as its voluntary energy-saving action plan, proposed a 10% energy reduction by 2010 with 1990 as the basis. Further, it has suggested an additional 1.5% energy saving by the use of waste plastics as a metallurgical raw material. The amount of processing of waste plastics which corresponds to this amount of energy conversion is about 1 million t scale during 1 year. Conventional known methods for recycle-processing of waste plastics include, for example, the method of injection into a blast furnace to use waste plastics as an iron-ore reducing agent instead of coal. On the other hand, the coking process is considered to be suitable as a waste plastic recycling facility because the process involves coal carbonization in a high-temperature and reducing atmosphere. Carbonization tests with mixed waste plastics were conducted with laboratory equipment and in actual coke ovens. As a result, it was confirmed that the waste plastics recycling process using coke ovens is feasible. Therefore, a waste plastics recycling process using coke ovens was started as a chemical recycling technology at Nippon Steel. 相似文献
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73.
Hesitation behaviour of hoverflies Sphaerophoria spp. to avoid ambush by crab spiders 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pollinators possess several antipredator adaptations that minimise predation risk during foraging. In addition to morphological adaptations, hoverflies might have behavioural antipredator adaptations. We conducted three field experiments to investigate whether the "hesitation behaviour" of hoverflies Sphaerophoria spp., moving backwards and forwards in front of a flower, is effective in avoiding ambush predators on flowers. First, we compared the behaviour of different flower visitors, including several bees and other hoverflies, with Sphaerophoria spp. behaviour. Only Sphaerophoria spp. exhibited the hesitation behaviour in front of flowers. The flight behaviour was observed more frequently before landing on flowers than on leaves. Second, we investigated rejection by Sphaerophoria spp. to artificially placed corpses of the crab spider Thomisus labefactus. The rejection rate of flowers with a crab spider placed on or under it was significantly higher than that of non-treated flowers. Moreover, the presence of a spider on the flower decreased the number of hesitation displays, compared with non-treated flowers. Finally, to determine whether hesitation behaviour could be a consequence of floral assessment, we investigated hoverfly rejection of previously foraged flowers. Sphaerophoria spp. did not reject flowers that had been visited by the same individual or conspecifics within 3 min. We suggest that hesitation behaviour may be adaptive, enabling assessment of predation risk and hence avoiding ambush predators on flowers. 相似文献
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76.
The use of heterospecific scent marks by the sweat bee <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halictus aerarius</Emphasis> 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
To forage effectively amongst flowers, some bee species utilize olfactory cues left by previous visitors in addition to direct
assessment of visual cues to identify rewarding flowers. This ability can be more advantageous if the bees can recognize and
use scent marks left by heterospecifics, not just marks left by members of their own species. We conducted field experiments
to investigate whether the sweat bee Halictus aerarius avoids visiting flowers of trailing water willow Justicia procumbens emptied by other bee species. We found that H. aerarius rejected the flowers visited by both heterospecifics and conspecifics. They also rejected visited flowers artificially replenished
with nectar. Our results demonstrate that social bees outside the Apidae can detect marks left on flowers by heterospecifics
but that (on this plant species) they are unable to discriminate against flowers by directly detecting nectar volume. H. aerarius exhibited different rejection rates according to the identity of the previous bee species. We suggest that the frequency
of rejection responses may depend on the amount of chemical substances left by the previous bee. In general, the use of scent
marks left by previous visitors is almost certainly advantageous, enabling foragers to avoid flowers with depleted nectar
levels and thereby improving their foraging efficiency. 相似文献
77.
A simple technology for phosphate (P i ) recovery has been developed using a bifunctional adsorption–aggregation agent. The bifunctional agent was prepared by soaking calcium silicates in hydrochloric acid solution. Importantly, recyclable calcium silicates were available almost free of charge from the cement industry and also from the steel industry. The acid treatment was essential not only for enhancing the ability of calcium silicates to remove P i from aqueous solution but also for enabling the high settleability of removed P i . On-site experiments using a mobile plant showed that approximately 80% P i could be recovered from anaerobic sludge digestion liquor at a wastewater treatment plant. This technology has the potential to offer a simple, compact service for recycling P i from wastewater to farmland in rural areas. 相似文献
78.
Masumi Koriyama Yuichi Hayami Akane Koga Koichi Yamamoto Alim Isnasetyo Takaharu Hamada Kenji Yoshino Toshiya Katano Soichi Yamaguchi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(8):6831-6846
To investigate seasonal variations of nutrient distribution in the mudflat–shallow water system, we conducted field surveys once a month from August 2007 to July 2008 in the inner area of Ariake Bay (IAB), Japan. The NH4 +–N concentration of the water column increased in autumn because of the high NH4 + release from the sediments, ranging from 850 to 3,001 μmol?m?2?day?1. The NO3 ?–N concentration was maximal in January, which was thought to be caused by NO3 ? release from the oxic sediments and by NO3 ? regeneration due to water column nitrification. The PO4 3?–P concentration of the water column was high in summer–autumn due to the high PO4 3? release from the reduced sediments, ranging from 22 to 164 μmol?m?2?day?1. We estimated the total amounts of DIN and PO4 3?–P release (R DIN and $ {R_{{\mathrm{P}{{\mathrm{O}}_4}}}} $ , respectively) from the muddy sediment area of the IAB. In summer–autumn, R DIN and $ {R_{{\mathrm{P}{{\mathrm{O}}_4}}}} $ corresponded to about 47.7 % of DIN input and about 116.6 % of PO4 3?–P input from the river, respectively. Thus, we concluded that the muddy sediments were an important source of nutrients for the water column of the IAB during summer–autumn. In addition, we found that phosphorus necessary for the growth of Porphyra (Porphyra yezoensis, Rhodophyceae) would be insufficient in the water column when phosphorus during the Porphyra aquaculture period is supplied only from the river. Therefore, the phosphorus release from the muddy sediments was thought to play an important role in the sustainable production of Porphyra in Ariake Bay. 相似文献
79.
Cort J. Willmott Kenji Matsuura Scott M. Robeson 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(3):749-752
Commonly used sums-of-squares-based error or deviation statistics—like the standard deviation, the standard error, the coefficient of variation, and the root-mean-square error—often are misleading indicators of average error or variability. Sums-of-squares-based statistics are functions of at least two dissimilar patterns that occur within data. Both the mean of a set of error or deviation magnitudes (the average of their absolute values) and their variability influence the value of a sum-of-squares-based error measure, which confounds clear assessment of its meaning. Interpretation problems arise, according to Paul Mielke, because sums-of-squares-based statistics do not satisfy the triangle inequality. We illustrate the difficulties in interpreting and comparing these statistics using hypothetical data, and recommend the use of alternate statistics that are based on sums of error or deviation magnitudes. 相似文献
80.
We developed a novel polymer type sulfoxide-modified solid phase enabling to achieve selective separation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from insulation oil. In this study, firstly we prepared base-polymer based on the concept of the molecular imprinting to capture PCBs in selectively, then, the sulfoxide groups were modified on the pore surface of base-polymers by changing preparation methods. As results of liquid chromatographic analyses for the polymers as columns, the base-polymer prepared by xylene as a porogenic solvent showed selective retention ability for chlorinated aromatic compounds by the porogen imprinting effect. Additionally, the polymer-type sulfoxide solid phases showed highly retention ability for PCBs by increasing amount of introduced sulfoxide groups. Consequently, the results of separation of PCBs comparing to insulation oil suggested that the prepared solid phase can be used for the selective separation of PCBs at the same level as a commercially available media utilized for the regulated method. 相似文献