基于最佳管理实践的中新生态城面源污染控制措施优选研究

基于最佳管理实践（BMP）理念和方法,以中新生态城为例,采用多属性决策分析方法的ELECTRE-Ⅲ方法和模型,采用VisualBasic语言自行编制辅助计算机程序,对该地区8种雨水控制管理措施进行了优化比选。优选结果表明,对于中新生态城,8种雨水控制管理措施的优选排序为：湿地〉地下蓄水库〉人渗沟〉可渗透路面砖〉道路边沟〉绿色屋顶〉下凹绿地〉绿化缓冲带。     

包覆型纳米零价铁的制备及其去除水中的活性艳蓝

采用流变相法,以FeSO4.7H2O∶KBH4=1∶2(摩尔比)为固相介质,0.06 g/mL CMC(羧甲基纤维素)水溶液为液相介质,固液比1∶2,反应2 h制备出包覆型纳米零价铁;采用XRD、TEM等手段对合成的纳米零价铁进行表征。探讨不同反应条件对包覆型纳米铁去除活性艳蓝的影响。实验结果表明,初始活性艳蓝(浓度100 mg/L)pH为5,包覆型纳米铁的投加量为6 g/L,反应时间为30 min时,活性艳蓝的去除率可达96%。通过研究机理,其吸附过程符合二级吸附动力学,降解过程符合一级反应动力学。     

微絮凝深床层过滤去除无机营养物及典型金属离子

在分析了微絮凝深床层过滤机理的基础上,实验研究了以煤矸石燃后残渣为滤料的深床层对微污染矿井水中无机营养物及典型金属离子的去除效果。结果表明,对于微污染矿井水中的NH3-N及COD的去除率仅有20%～40%;对可形成微絮凝体的磷的去除率高达80%以上,对于矿井水中的铁、锰离子的去除率可达75%以上,而絮凝剂的适量加入,不会大幅增加出水中铝离子的含量;分析表明,煤矸石燃后残渣滤料具有良好的吸附、截留作用;对溶解性NH3-N及COD的去除以吸附及生物作用,对铁、锰离子的去除则是以形成絮体沉淀为主,同时金属离子的水合作用、溶度积等对其去除有一定的影响。     

基于层次分析法的电解锰废水处理技术评价

基于电解锰废水处理技术现状,采用层次分析法建立了一个4层10指标3方案的技术评价体系,从环境效益、经济效益、技术性能3个方面,对3种电解锰废水处理技术进行分析。采用专家评分的方法,根据各指标的权重,对3种技术进行评分。结果表明,电解锰废水全过程控制技术由于低廉的运行成本,较易运行,较高的锰、铬、氨氮去除率和回收率等优点使其总评分高于其他2种技术,是电解锰废水处理技术的首选。     

海水及浓海水吸收二氧化硫

采用鼓泡法研究了海水及浓海水对二氧化硫的吸收效果,并考察了吸收液温度、气体流量、盐度及碱度等因素的影响.结果表明,相同条件下,浓海水对二氧化硫的吸收能力较海水明显提高,且温度越高浓海水优势越明显,气体流量为200 mL/min,二氧化硫浓度为3 140 mg/m3,25℃时,浓海水的穿透时间较原海水延长20 min,60℃时则延长30 min.相同碱度条件下,盐度的增加对海水吸收二氧化硫无明显影响;而在相同盐度条件下,碱度的增加可显著提高海水吸收二氧化硫的能力.     

用味精生产废水培养好氧颗粒污泥

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,采用味精生产废水进行培养,在SBR中以逐渐降低污泥沉淀时间的方法成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥。实验结果表明：污泥接种65 d后,出现细小的好氧颗粒污泥,呈黄褐色,95 d后颗粒污泥趋于成熟,粒径达0.6 mm左右,且周围存在大量原生动物;运行95 d后MLSS提高至8.00 g/L,SVI降至30.00 mL/g左右;成熟后的好氧颗粒污泥对味精生产废水中的COD和NH₃-N具有良好的去除效果,出水COD和ρ（NH₃-N）分别为80 mg/L和2 mg/L左右。     

3种药剂对普通小球藻的抑制作用

针对再生水回用于景观水体生长的主要藻类普通小球藻,进行了药剂抑制实验。通过实验研究发现,在小球藻生长的对数期分别投入不同剂量的2-甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯（EMA）、大麦秸萃取液（BSE）和异噻唑啉酮3种抑藻药剂后,小球藻的生长受到不同程度的抑制。其中,EMA对藻类的抑制效果甚微,最大抑藻率仅为31%,且对小球藻的生长有低促高抑的作用。BSE对小球藻有明显的抑制作用,且药效期长、不复发;当投加浓度为1 mg/L,能起到抑制藻类生长的作用;当投加浓度为10 mg/L,能起到杀灭水体藻类的作用。异噻唑啉酮可有效抑制小球藻生长,5 mg/L的投加浓度就能起到杀灭水体藻类的作用,且药效期长、不复发。     

污泥淤砂分离器再分离溢流污泥

研究了污泥淤砂分离器对分离原污泥所得的溢流污泥进行再分离时,分离器的分离效果和分离分流污泥的性质。实验结果表明,污泥淤砂分离器对溢流污泥进行再分离时,分离器的除砂效率为34.5%,分离度为1.60,与分离原污泥时相比,分离器的分离性能降低;分离得到的溢流污泥MLVSS/MLSS比值为0.406,仅比进料污泥增加了2.2%,未能进一步提高溢流污泥MLVSS/MLSS比值;分离得到的底流污泥浓度MLSS为16.81 g/L,仅为原污泥浓度的1.4倍,底流污泥SVI、CST分别为45.7 mL/g和1.37 s·L/g SS,与原污泥相比仅分别减小了9.3%和2.7%,溢流污泥再分离,会降低底流污泥的浓缩效果,降低底流污泥沉降性能、脱水性能的提高幅度,不利于底流污泥的处理处置。     

排口比对污泥淤砂分离器分离效能的影响

污泥淤砂分离器是一种能够使活性污泥中污泥有机质与淤砂分离的设备。为了实现污泥淤砂分离器的结构优化,重点探讨了污泥淤砂分离器最重要的结构参数-排口比K(底流口直径Du与溢流口直径Do之比)对污泥淤砂分离器分离效能的影响。实验结果表明,在排口比从0.32增加到1.0的过程中,分离器处理能力Qi基本保持不变,分流比S、分离效率η和底流污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)分别从0.084、24.7%和0.21增加到0.338、41.1%和0.33.4;污泥有机质富集率FMLVSS和淤砂富集率FMLISS分别从1.95和1.35减小到1.22和1.12。富集除砂所需要的K和分离器获得较高的除砂效率η时所需K不一致。污泥淤砂分离器排口比K设计为0.4~0.6时,能够获得较高的分离效率,并实现淤砂的富集排放。     

A copula-based chance-constrained waste management planning method: An application to the city of Regina,Saskatchewan, Canada

This study proposes a copula-based chance-constrained waste management planning (CCWMP) method. The method can effectively reflect the interactions between random parameters of the waste management planning systems, and thus can help analyze the influences of their interactions on the entire systems. In particular, a joint distribution function is established using preestimated marginal distributions of random variables and an optimal copula selected from widely used Gaussian, Student’s t, Clayton, Frank, Gumbel, and Ali-Mikhail-Haq copulas. Then a set of joint probabilistic constraints in the chance-constrained programming problems is converted into individual probabilistic constraints using the joint distribution function. Further, this method is applied to residential solid waste management in the city of Regina in Canada for demonstrating its applicability. Nine scenarios based on different joint and marginal probability levels are considered within a multiperiod and multizone context to effectively reflect dynamic, uncertain, and interactive characteristics of the solid waste management systems in the city. The results provide many decision alternatives under these scenarios, including cost-effective and environmentally friendly decision schemes. Moreover, the results indicate that even though the effect of the joint probability levels on the system costs is more significant than that of the marginal probability levels, the effect of marginal probability levels is notable, and there exists a trade-off between the total system cost and the constraint-violation risk. Therefore, the results obtained from the present study would be useful to support the city’s long-term solid waste management planning and formulate local policies and regulation concerning the city’s waste generation and management.Implications: The CCWMP method not only can solve chance-constrained problems with unknown probability distributions of random variables in the right-hand sides of constraints, but also can effectively reflect the interactions between the random parameters and thus help analyze the influences of their interactions on the entire systems. The results obtained through applying this method to the city of Regina in Canada can provide many decision alternatives under different joint probability levels and marginal probability levels, and would be useful to support the city’s long-term solid waste management planning.