油田含油污水高级氧化技术研究

以气浮—过滤预处理后的污水为处理对象,通过臭氧氧化与Fenton氧化两种方法处理油田含油污水。经实验验证:Fenton在pH为4,H2O2初始浓度为0.08mol/L,Fe2+与H2O2的摩尔比为1:10,H2O2与CODCr的质量比为1:1,反应时间为60min的条件下,去除率达54.3%(CODCr100mg/L),可达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。     

A review of neurotoxicity of microcystins

Cyanobacterial blooms-produced microcystins are secondary metabolites which can accumulate in the food chain and contaminate water, thus posing a potential threat to the health of aquatic animals and even humans. Microcystin toxicity affects not only the liver but also the other organs, i.e., the brain. The serious neurotoxicity effects caused by microcystins then lead to various symptoms. This review focuses on the neurotoxicity of microcystins. Microcystins can cross blood-brain barrier with the transport of Oatps/OATPs, causing neurostructural, functional, and behavioral changes. In this review, potential uptake mechanisms and neurotoxicity mechanisms are summarized, including neurotransmissions, neurochannels, signal transduction, oxidative stress, and cytoskeleton disruption. However, further researches are needed for detailed studies on signaling pathways and the downstream pathways of neurotoxicity of microcystins.     

酒精污泥干燥特性及数学模型

用红外干燥方法对酒精污泥进行干燥实验,研究了干燥温度和污泥厚度对水分蒸发速率、干燥速率及体积变化率的影响。实验表明,恒速干燥段的干燥速率仅与干燥温度有关;临界湿含量随污泥厚度增加而升高,随干燥温度的升高而下降;污泥体积在恒速干燥段收缩速度较快,在降速干燥段仍有微小的变化。对污泥干燥特性曲线进行分析,建立了恒速干燥段及降速干燥段的干燥模型,并将模型预测与实验结果进行了对比,误差较小。     

填埋垃圾中TOC含量的测定方法优化

垃圾的TOC含量是评价垃圾矿质腐殖化机理研究的重要指标,以本课题组模拟垃圾填埋系统中的垃圾样品为研究对象,以土壤TOC测定方法为基础,通过单因素实验和正交实验(L25(56))对垃圾样品的TOC的测定方法进行优化。结果表明,TOC测定优化条件为:风干样品(0.1±0.0005)g,Ag2SO40.075 g,0.4 mol/L(1/6K2Cr2O7)-H2SO4溶液(含1/2H2SO412.6 mol/L)10 mL,180℃的砂浴加热45 min。此条件下,RSD小于3.23%,表明该方法精密度高,可行性强。     

混合添加剂对PVDF平板疏水膜结构及性能的影响

以不同添加剂采用浸没沉淀相转换法制备基于无纺布支撑的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)平板疏水膜,考察了不同添加剂的加入对膜性能与结构的影响;并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力学显微镜(AFM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、接触角测量及膜蒸馏实验等对疏水膜的结构及性能进行表征。结果表明,引入混合型添加剂制备的膜具有较高通量和盐截留率,其疏水性最强,而添加剂对聚合物的晶型影响较小。以35 g/L的NaCl盐溶液为进料液对制备的平板膜进行直接接触式膜蒸馏实验,在热侧进水温度为50℃、冷侧温度为20℃的条件下,所制备的疏水膜通量最高可达12.45 kg/(m2.h),截留率为99.99%。     

碳酰肼对烧结过程二噁英生成的抑制作用

研究了碳酰肼对钢铁厂烧结工序产生的二噁英的抑制效果。结果表明,添加了0.01%(质量分数,下同)、0.02%、0.05%、0.10%的碳酰肼之后,二噁英的排放质量浓度降为0.560、0.506、0.270、0.174ng-TEQ/m3,相对于基准值(0.821ng-TEQ/m3)大幅减少。碳酰肼对二噁英的从头合成以及前驱物生成都能起到一定的抑制效果。碳酰肼与Cu2+结合生成稳定的氮化物,削弱Cu2+的催化活性;与HCl反应,减少了生成二噁英的氯源;对FeCl3、CuCl2的催化活性也会产生影响。碳酰肼添加后,对多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)生成中高氯代二噁英的脱氯行为也有明显的抑制。     

中国突发环境事件时间序列分析

突发性环境事件时间序列特征可表征环境风险管理成效及存在问题。研究表明2000年以来中国突发环境事件预防、控制与管理取得了显著成效,其中,突发性水污染事件、大气污染事件以及噪声振动危害年发生频次呈大幅度降低趋势,但固废污染事件自2003年以来的年发生频次变化不大,而其它突发性环境事件自2002年以来的年发生频次则呈快速增长态势,说明中国在强调突发性水环境和大气环境事件监管的同时,还需加强固废污染事件及其它类型突发环境事件的监控与管理。     

环境监测信息化建设的问题分析与对策建议

环境监测信息化是环境管理现代化的重要手段,信息化建设是监测现代化的重要组成部分。基于当前环境监测信息化建设的现状,分析了建设过程中经常存在的"信息孤岛"、系统失衡、进度延期等问题,提出了建设初期做好IT规划、实施阶段重视项目管理的对策和建议,并依据监测站的实践经验对实施要点加以阐述。解决好这些问题,将推动环境监测信息化建设工作更加高效合理地进行,提升监测信息化程度,对提高环境管理和环境决策的水平具有重要意义。     

Quantification of the inhibitory effect of methyl fluoride on methanogenesis in mesophilic anaerobic granular systems

The inhibitory effect of CH₃F on methanogenesis in mesophilic anaerobic granules was tested at different concentrations (0-10% v/v, in the gas phase) and verified by the stable carbon isotopic signatures of CH₄ and CO₂. The results showed that the inhibitory effect increased with the initial CH₃F concentration up to 5%. The CH₃F concentration causing 50% metabolic inhibition was 0.32%. Complete inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis with a 91% reduction in total methanogenic activity was achieved when 5% CH₃F was initially added to the headspace, which resulted in 870 μM dissolved CH₃F in the liquid. It was much higher than that applied in other natural anoxic non-granular systems, indicating that the layered granular structure influenced the inhibitory effect. The obvious increase in hydrogen content indicated that high concentrations of CH₃F (?5%) suppressed hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis as well. The stable inhibition lasted for at least 6 d as the CH₃F concentration decreased slowly with incubation time. These results suggested that CH₃F could be used for investigating methanogenic processes in anaerobic granular systems after the CH₃F concentration and incubation time for specific inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis were carefully determined. In the present system, CH₃F concentration of 5% was suggested to be optimal.     

Nano-TiO2 enhances the toxicity of copper in natural water to Daphnia magna

The acute toxicity of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in aquatic environments at high concentrations has been well-established. This study demonstrates that, at a concentration generally considered to be safe in the environment, nano-TiO₂ remarkably enhanced the toxicity of copper to Daphnia magna by increasing the copper bioaccumulation. Specifically, at 2 mg L⁻¹ nano-TiO₂, the (LC₅₀) of Cu²⁺ concentration observed to kill half the population, decreased from 111 μg L⁻¹ to 42 μg L⁻¹. Correspondingly, the level of metallothionein decreased from 135 μg g⁻¹ wet weight to 99 μg g⁻¹ wet weight at a Cu²⁺ level of 100 μg L⁻¹. The copper was found to be adsorbed onto the nano-TiO₂, and ingested and accumulated in the animals, thereby causing toxic injury. The nano-TiO₂ may compete for free copper ions with sulfhydryl groups, causing the inhibition of the detoxification by metallothioneins.