Degradation kinetics and products of triazophos in intertidal sediment

This work presents taboratory studies on the degradation of triazophos in intertidat sediment. The overall degradations were found to follow the first-order decay model. After being incubated for 6 d, the percentage of degradations of triazophos in unsterilized and sterilized sediments were 94.5% and 20.5%, respectively. Between the temperatures of 15℃ and 35℃, the observed degradation rate constant（kob,d） enhanced as the incubation temperature increased. Triazophos in sediment degraded faster under aerobic condition than under anaerobic one. The water content of sediment had little influence on the degradation when it was in the range of 50%-100%. The values of kobsd decreased with increasing initial concentration of triazophos in sediment, which could result from the microorganism inhibition by triazophos. Four major degradation products, o, o-diethyl phosphorothioic acid, monoethyl phosphorothioic acid, phosphorothioic acid, and 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1, 2,4-triazole, were tentatively identified as their corresponding trimethylsilyl derivatives with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The possible degradation pathway of triazophos in intertidal sediment was proposed. The results revealed that triazophos in intertidal sediment was relatively unstable and coutd be easily degraded.     

二甲戊乐灵降解细菌的分离及降解特性

分离鉴定了二甲戊乐灵降解细菌 ,并研究了培养条件对二甲戊乐灵降解和细菌生长的影响 .结果表明 ,所分离的29株细菌中有3株在3d内对100mg·L^-1二甲戊乐灵的降解率在80%以上 ,选择HB-1、WB-12株细菌进一步研究 ,此2株细菌经鉴定分别属于假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)和玫瑰色微球菌(Mirococcusluteus) .结果表明 2株细菌在中性培养液中外加碳源浓度为0.2%、二甲戊乐灵浓度不大于100mg·L^-1、30～40℃培养的条件下 ,细菌生长量和二甲戊乐灵的降解率都达到最大.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

基于SOA和O3生成潜势的杭州市PM2.5和O3协同控制

2019年3月1日～2019年5月31日期间采用Syntech Spectras GC955在线气相色谱仪对杭州市大气环境中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了在线连续监测,分析了VOCs体积分数的组成特征、 PM_2.5和O₃协同控制的优控VOCs物种和VOCs特征污染物比值.结果表明,烷烃是VOCs体积分数中最重要的组分,贡献了62.40%. C2～C6的烷烃、苯系物、乙烯和乙炔是VOCs关键物种.烯烃和芳香烃是OFP的主要贡献组分,贡献率分别为41.35%和37.50%.芳香烃是SOA的主要贡献者,贡献率超过90%.低碳的烷烃、低碳烯烃和苯系物是OFP的关键贡献物种,控制好甲苯、间/对-二甲苯和邻-二甲苯这3种苯系物,是O₃和PM_2.5协同控制的关键.采样点大气中VOCs除了受机动车尾气的影响外,溶剂使用等工业排放的影响也较为显著.     

崇明东滩海三棱藨草生物硅分布及季节变化

利用Na2CO3连续提取法,分析了崇明东滩海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)体内生物硅(BSi)含量与分布特征.结果表明,BSi在海三棱藨草体内的分布存在明显的季节变化差异,在生物体中连续积累是BSi的一个主要特征.地上部分BSi含量变化范围为0.26% ~ 0.93%,地下部分为0.31% ~ 0.92%,果实中则为0.24% ~0.43%.地上部分含量明显高于其他部分,说明BSi主要沉积在蒸发强烈的叶片中,植株个体生长阶段是决定地上部分BSi含量的主要因素.统计分析显示,根际沉积物BSi和植物各器官BSi相关性均显著,说明海三棱藨草依从主动吸硅机制,从根际沉积物获取所需的Si.地上、地下部分BSi含量与有机氮(ON)、C/N、土壤温度、植株高度也存在明显的相关性.     

上海市典型地区环境空气可吸入颗粒物中重金属污染水平及健康风险评价

为了探究上海市典型地区环境空气中可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))中重金属的污染水平及其对人体的健康风险,本研究分别于夏季和冬季在上海徐汇区和金山区设置多个采样点,采集室外大气PM_(10)样品,同时招募相同区域各20名志愿者进行室内颗粒物采集,分析其中Cr、As、Pb、Cd和Hg的含量,并采用美国EPA健康风险评价模型对重金属的风险进行评价.结果显示,上海市典型地区环境空气中的PM_(10)浓度范围为36.6～266.6μg·m~(-3),其中,冬季浓度高于夏季,城市浓度高于农村,室外浓度高于室内;PM_(10)中重金属含量从高到低依次是AsPbCrCdHg,且呈一定的空间分布关系,室外Pb和Cd的平均浓度高于室内,As则是室内浓度高于室外.上海市典型地区环境空气PM_(10)中的重金属致癌风险为成年人高于儿童,As存在潜在致癌风险.     

2019年10~12月京津冀及周边“2+26”城市重污染减排效果评估

为评估京津冀及周边区域重污染过程期间应急减排措施的效果,基于情景模拟的方法,采用NAQPMS模式和多种观测资料,分析了2019年10~12月期间京津冀及周边区域环境空气质量、重污染过程和气象条件概况,评估了模式24、72和144 h的PM_2.5预报效果,并对应急减排措施的效果和不确定性进行了讨论.结果表明,2019年10~12月京津冀及周边"2+26"城市PM_2.5平均浓度64 μg ·m^-3,同比降低了10 μg ·m^-3;区域性重污染过程4次,受影响城市重污染过程期间PM_2.5平均浓度156 μg ·m^-3."2+26"城市PM_2.5气象条件评估指数（EMI）变化值范围为-15.6%~16.8%,EMI显示北京、天津和石家庄等12个城市气象条件与同期相比变差,变差程度范围为3.2%~16.8%.减排情景模拟分析显示应急减排措施有效减少了区域性重污染过程的发生,污染物峰值浓度降幅明显,未出现区域性严重污染过程.典型重污染期间,北京、石家庄、保定和唐山等城市PM_2.5日均浓度削减2%~9%.区域应急减排措施促使"2+26"城市PM_2.5季度均值分别降低1~3 μg ·m^-3左右,区域性减排效果明显.     

垂直流人工湿地系统基质优化级配研究

选取生物陶粒、无烟煤、沸石、钢渣和蛭石为基质,按不同的级配方式填充成基质柱,进行垂直流人工湿地模拟柱净化污水实验.研究表明,粒径分层级配基质对COD的去除率均高于单一粒径基质,其中分层生物陶粒对COD的平均去除率高达72.91%.分层沸石对总氮的净化能力较单一粒径基质有所提高,平均去除率高达91.23%.填充了生物陶粒、沸石和无烟煤的模拟柱对有机物和氮的净化效果和单一基质没有显著性差异(p0.05).填充钢渣和无烟煤的模拟柱出水pH值均在正常范围内,但是除从上到下依次填充无烟煤、蛭石和钢渣的基质柱外,其它填充钢渣和无烟煤的模拟柱对磷素的净化能力都低于单一基质.种植植物对净化效果没有明显影响.在垂直流人工湿地中,针对水质特点选择高效的级配基质,如分层生物陶粒、分层沸石、分层无烟煤以及生物陶粒、沸石和无烟煤组合,在高水力负荷条件下可获得更好的处理效果.     

南海海域重要养殖水域牡蛎体中的腹泻性贝类毒素

对2006年和2007年南海海域23个重要养殖水域牡蛎体中腹泻性贝类毒素(DSP)进行了调查,结果表明:甲子港、唐家湾、镇海湾、安埔港、防城港、八所港和榆林港等7个水域牡蛎体DSP毒性呈阳性结果,占调查水域的30.4%,其DSP值均为0.05MU/g.2006年牡蛎体DSP检出率为8.7%(n=23),2007年为21.7%(n=23).调查期间,牡蛎体DSP检出值0.05MU/g已达到了FDA(美国食品药物管理局)、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、朝鲜等6个国家食用贝类标准警戒限量水平,和超出了我国<无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质的限量>规定贝类DSP不得检出标准,表明了近期南海海域某些养殖水域的牡蛎已经受到了DSP毒化的威胁.     

砷的发生、形态、污染源及地球化学循环

文章首先总结了砷在地表水、地下水、土壤、沉积物、岩石、大气中的含量和分布;归纳了砷的地球化学循环过程;分析了砷在水和土壤/沉积物固相中的形态;并重点阐述了砷在土壤和沉积物中的迁移转化机理。砷通常与Fe、Al、Mn的氧化物和氢氧化物、粘土矿物、硫化物、磷酸盐和碳酸盐矿物结合,砷的生物可用性和迁移性与其在土壤和沉积物中的形态有密切关系。文章最后定量阐述了砷的污染源,包括金属开采与冶炼,化学燃料的燃烧和含砷化学品使用。