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401.
A.J. Wheeler I. Williams R.A. Beaumont R.S. Hamilton 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,65(1-2):69-77
The personal exposure of children aged 9 – 11 years to particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) was carried out between January and September 1997 in the London Borough of Barnet. Personal sampling along with home, garden and classroom microenvironmental monitoring was completed for all ten children. Each child was monitored for five days during winter, spring and summer. All children completed daily time activity diaries to provide information on any potential activities that could influence their exposure to particulate matter. Each evening a household activity questionnaire was also completed by the parents. Personal Environmental Monitors were used to sample personal exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. Harvard Impactors were used for the microenvironmental sampling of both size fractions. The children's mean personal exposure concentrations for PM10 during winter, spring and summer were 72, 54 and 35 µg/m3 respectively and for PM2.5 22, 17 and 18 µg/m3 respectively. In order to determine the potential sources of particulate matter, analysis of the Teflon filters has been undertaken. The physical characteristics of the particles have been identified using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The relationships between personal exposure concentrations and the different microenvironments will be discussed. 相似文献
402.
Z. Zlatev I. Dimov Tz. Ostromsky G. Geernaert I. Tzvetanov A. Bastrup-Birk 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2001,6(1):35-55
In order to help guide air pollution legislation at the European level, harmful air pollution effects on agriculture crops and the consequent economic implications for policy have been studied for more than a decade. Ozone has been labeled as the most serious of the damaging air pollutants to agriculture, where growth rates and consequently yields are dramatically reduced. Quantifying the effects has formed a key factor in policymaking. Based on the widely held view that AOT40 (Accumulated exposure Over Threshold of 40 ppb) is a good indicator of ozone-induced damage, the Danish Eulerian Model (DEM) was used to compute reduced agriculture yields on a 50 km×50 km grid over Europe. In one set of scenarios, a ten year meteorological time series was combined with realistic emission inventories. In another, various idealized emission reduction scenarios are applied to the same meteorological time series. The results show substantial inter-annual variability in economic losses, due in most part to meteorological conditions which varied much more substantially than the emissions during the same period. It is further shown that, taking all uncertainties into account, estimates of ozone-induced economic losses require that a long meteorological record is included in the analysis, for statistical significance to be improved to acceptable levels for use in policy analysis. In this study, calculations were made for Europe as a whole, though this paper presents results relevant for Denmark. 相似文献
403.
Schaefer CE do Amaral EF de Mendonça BA Oliveira H Lani JL Costa LM Fernandes Filho EI 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,140(1-3):279-289
The relationships between soils attributes, soil carbon stocks and vegetation carbon stocks are poorly know in Amazonia, even
at regional scale. In this paper, we used the large and reliable soil database from Western Amazonia obtained from the RADAMBRASIL
project and recent estimates of vegetation biomass to investigate some environmental relationships, quantifying C stocks of
intact ecosystem in Western Amazonia. The results allowed separating the western Amazonia into 6 sectors, called pedo-zones:
Roraima, Rio Negro Basin, Tertiary Plateaux of the Amazon, Javari-Juruá-Purus lowland, Acre Basin and Rondonia uplands. The
highest C stock for the whole soil is observed in the Acre and in the Rio Negro sectors. In the former, this is due to the
high nutrient status and high clay activity, whereas in the latter, it is attributed to a downward carbon movement attributed
to widespread podzolization and arenization, forming spodic horizons. The youthful nature of shallow soils of the Javari-Juruá-Purus
lowlands, associated with high Al, results in a high phytomass C/soil C ratio. A similar trend was observed for the shallow
soils from the Roraima and Rondonia highlands. A consistent east–west decline in biomass carbon in the Rio Negro Basin sector
is associated with increasing rainfall and higher sand amounts. It is related to lesser C protection and greater C loss of
sandy soils, subjected to active chemical leaching and widespread podzolization. Also, these soils possess lower cation exchangeable
capacity and lower water retention capacity. Zones where deeply weathered Latosols dominate have a overall pattern of high
C sequestration, and greater than the shallower soils from the upper Amazon, west of Madeira and Negro rivers. This was attributed
to deeper incorporation of carbon in these clayey and highly pedo-bioturbated soils. The results highlight the urgent need
for refining soil data at an appropriate scale for C stocks calculations purposes in Amazonia. There is a risk of misinterpreting
C stocks in Amazonia when such great pedological variability is not taken into account. 相似文献
404.
Gowri VS Ramachandran S Ramesh R Pramiladevi IR Krishnaveni K 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,138(1-3):41-49
Residential, industrial, commercial, institutional and recreational activities discharge degradable and non-degradable wastes
that reach the coastal water through rivers and cause coastal pollution. In the present study, mass transport of pollutants
by Adyar and Cooum Rivers to the coastal water as a result of land-based discharges was estimated during low tide. The lowest
and the highest flow recorded in Adyar varied from 514.59 to 2,585.08×106 litres/day. Similarly, the flow in Cooum River fluctuated between 266.45 and 709.34×106 litres/day. The present study revealed that the Adyar River transported 53.89–454.11 t/d of suspended solids, 0.06–19.64 t/d
of ammonia, 15.95–123.24 t/d of nitrate and 0.4–17.86 t/d of phosphate, 0.004–0.09 kg/d of cadmium, 0.15–1.29 kg/d of lead
and 3.03–17.58 kg/d of zinc to the coastal water owing to its high discharge. Similarly, the Cooum River transported 11.87–120.06 t/d
of suspended solids, 0.08–58.7 t/d of ammonia, 6.11–29.25 t/d of nitrate and 0.66–10.73 t/d of phosphate, 0.003–0.021 kg/d
of cadmium, 0.02–0.44 kg/d of lead and 1.36–3.87 kg/d of zinc. A higher concentration of suspended solids was noticed in post
monsoon and summer months. An increase in the mass transport of ammonia, nitrate, phosphate in summer months (April and May)
and an increase in the mass transport of cadmium, lead and zinc were observed in monsoon months (October–December) in both
the rivers. Thus mass transport of pollutants study reveal that Cooum and Adyar Rivers in Chennai contribute to coastal pollution
by transporting inorganic and trace metals significantly through land drainage. 相似文献
405.
M. Ausejo M. Recuero C. Asensio I. Pavón J. M. López 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2010,15(2):125-135
This article aims to discuss the influence of input data on the simulation model when designing Strategic Noise Maps. The
studied noise map was made in the Macrocenter of the Independent City of Buenos Aires (Argentina), which has an approximated
extension of 20 km2 and about 500,000 inhabitants. The several input data for the model are analyzed, for their quality and the lack of some
of them could affect the final result. Also, the evolution and validity of experimental measurements are analyzed when validating
a simulated map. Finally, a study of the uncertainty of the map based on the input data is made, comparing it with the recommendations
internationally adopted. 相似文献
406.
Agunbiade FO Olu-Owolabi BI Adebowale KO 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):89-102
The accumulation patterns of ten metals in tissues of plant, Eichornia crassipes, and fishes, Hydrocynus forskahlii and Oreochromis mossambicus, were modeled with simple fuzzy classification (SFC) to assess toxic effects of anthropogenic activities on the coastal biota.
The plant sample was separated into root, stem, and leaves and the fishes into bones, internal tissues, and muscles. They
were analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Fe, Mn, and Zn after wet oxidation of their dried samples. The results were converted
into membership functions of five accumulation classes and aggregated with SFC. The classification results showed that there
was no metal accumulation in the plant parts while the fishes were classified into low accumulation category. The internal
tissues of the fishes had higher metal accumulation than the other parts. Generally, Fe and Mn had highest concentrations
in the biota but are natural to the area and may not constitute significant risk. Cr had the highest transfer and accumulation
from the coastal water into the aquatic lives and may be indicative of risk prone system being a toxic metal. Metal contaminations
in the zone had not significantly accumulated in the biota making them less prone to risk associated with metal accumulation. 相似文献
407.
Alam R Munna G Chowdhury MA Sarkar MS Ahmed M Rahman MT Jesmin F Toimoor MA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):573-580
In rural areas in Bangladesh, groundwater is the principal source of water supply. This underground water is available in
considerable amount in shallow aquifers. It is free from pathogenic microorganisms and hence water-borne diseases. In plain
lands, other than hilly areas, water supply to 97% rural population comes from tube-wells, which is regarded to be a phenomenal
achievement in preserving public health. Besides, a dependable water supply system all throughout the country is offset by
two factors: (a) high salinity in surface plus groundwater in coastal areas; (b) want of suitable groundwater aquifers in
hilly areas and the high cost of setting up tube-wells due to deep underground water table and stony layers. However, presence
of arsenic in underground water now poses a serious threat to the success once made in water supply by setting up of manually
operated tube-wells in the village areas—the achievement is now on the brink of total collapse. In about 61 districts out
of 64, presence of arsenic exceeds a quantity of 0.05 mg/1, a permissible limit as per Bangladeshi water quality standard.
Harvesting rainwater can be a pragmatic solution to this problem, which is common in many places in Sylhet especially in the
hilly areas on the north eastern part of the city. This can be an alternative source of drinking water because of availability
of rainwater from March to October. Heavy rain occurs from end of May till mid September, which is commonly known as the rainy
season. This paper focuses on the possibility of harvesting rainwater in rural communities and thickly populated urban areas
of Sylhet. It also demonstrates the scopes of harvesting rainwater using simple and low-cost technology. With setting up of
a carefully planned rainwater storage tank, a family can have all of its drinking water from rain. Planned use of rainwater
through rainwater harvesting in the roof catchments may fulfill the entire annual domestic water demand of a family in the
rural areas of Bangladesh. 相似文献
408.
Gas–particle concentration,distribution, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a traffic area of Giza,Egypt 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Atmospheric particulate and gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) samples were collected from an urban area in Dokki
(Giza) during the summer of 2007 and the winter of 2007–2008. The average concentrations of PAHs were 1,429.74 ng/m3 in the particulate phase, 2,912.56 ng/m3 in the gaseous phase, and 4,342.30 ng/m3 in the particulate + gaseous phases during the period of study. Dokki has high level concentrations of PAH compounds compared
with many polluted cities in the world. The concentrations of PAH compounds in the particulate and gaseous phases were higher
in the winter and lower in the summer. Total concentrations of PAHs in the particulate phase and gaseous phase were 22.58%
and 77.42% in summer and 36.97% and 63.03% in winter of the total (particulate + gaseous) concentrations of PAHs, respectively.
The gaseous/particulate ratios of PAHs concentration were 3.43 in summer and 1.71 in winter. Significant negative correlation
coefficients were found between the ambient temperature and concentrations of the total PAHs in the particulate and gaseous
phases. The distribution of individual PAHs and different categories of PAHs based on aromatic ring number in the particulate
and gaseous phases during the summer and winter were nearly similar, indicating similar emission sources of PAHs in both two
seasons. Benzo(b)fluoranthene in the particulate phase and naphthalene in the gaseous phase were the most abundant compounds. Diagnostic concentration
ratios of PAH compounds indicate that these compounds are emitted mainly from pyrogenic sources, mainly local vehicular exhaust
emissions. Health risks associated with the inhalation of individual PAHs in particulate and gaseous phases were assessed
on the basis of its benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentration. Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene in the particulate phase and benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene in the gaseous phase were the greatest contributors to the total health risks. The relative mean contributions
of the total carcinogenic activity (concentrations) of all PAHs to the total concentrations of PAHs were 29.37% and 25.15%
in the particulate phase and 0.76% and 0.92% in the gaseous phase during the summer and winter, respectively. These results
suggest that PAHs in the particulate phase in the ambient air of Dokki may pose a potential health risk. 相似文献
409.
A. O. Oyeyiola C. M. Davidson K. O. Olayinka T. O. Oluseyi B. I. Alo 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(3):2167-2177
Surface sediments collected from the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria, and three adjoining rivers were analysed for their physicochemical properties and pseudo-total concentration of the potentially toxic metals (PTM) Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The concentration of the PTM varied seasonally and spatially. Odo-Iyaalaro was observed to be the most polluted river, with highest concentrations of 42.1 mg kg?1, 102 mg kg?1, 185 mg kg?1, 154 mg kg?1 and 1040 mg kg?1 of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively, while Ibeshe River was the least contaminated, apart from a site affected by Cu from the textile industry. Some of the sediments were found to be above the consensus-based probable effect concentrations and Dutch sediment guideline for metals. Overall metal concentrations were similar to those reported for other tropical lagoon and estuarine systems affected by anthropogenic inputs as a result of rapid urbanisation. Due to the large number of samples, principal component analysis was used to examine relationships within the data set. Generally, sediments collected during the dry season were observed to have higher concentration of PTM than those collected during the rainy season. This means that PTM could accumulate over a prolonged period and then be released relatively rapidly, on an annual basis, into tropical lagoon systems. 相似文献
410.
M. Arana R. San Martin I. Nagore D. Pérez 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(6):4951-4957
According to Directive 2002/49, strategic noise maps and their correspondent action plans were carried out in the Autonomous Community of Navarre, Spain. Six strategic noise maps were produced for 120 km of major roads as well as a strategic noise map for the Agglomeration of the Region of Pamplona (ARP) with a population of 280,199 inhabitants. In the ARP, a total of 36,400 people (13.0 %) are exposed to Ln levels over 55 dBA and 42,300 people (15.1 %) are exposed to Lden levels over 65 dBA. With regard to major roads, a total of 3,900 people are exposed to Ln levels over 55 dBA and 2,400 people are exposed to Lden levels over 65 dBA. When designing action plans, different prioritisation criteria concerning rank-based effectiveness measures (mainly the amount of people benefitting from them) were taken into account. 相似文献