The effect of helmets on motorcycle outcomes in a level I trauma center in Connecticut

Objective: The State of Connecticut has a partial motorcycle helmet law, which has been linked to one of the lowest helmet compliance rates in the Northeast. We examine the clinical and financial impact of low motorcycle helmet use in the State of Connecticut.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study comparing the outcomes between helmeted and nonhelmeted motorcycle crash victims over a 12.5-year period, from July 2, 2002, to December 31, 2013. All patients who were admitted to the hospital after a motorcycle crash were included in the study. Patients were stratified into helmeted and nonhelmeted cohorts. Group differences were compared using t-test or Wilcoxon rank test for continuous variables and chi-square test for dichotomous outcomes. Regression models were created to evaluate predictors of helmet use, alcohol and drugs as confounding variables, and factors that influenced hospital costs.

Results: The registry included 986 eligible patients. Of this group, 335 (34%) were helmeted and 651 (66%) were nonhelmeted. Overall, nonhelmeted patients had a worse clinical presentation, with lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS; P <.01), higher Injury Severity Score (ISS; P <.01), higher incidence of loss of consciousness (LOC; P <.01), longer intensive care unit (ICU; P <.01) admissions, and higher incidence of head (P <.01) or face injuries (P <.01). Nonhelmeted patients were also twice as more likely to die from their injuries (P =.04, odds ratio [OR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–3.45). Financially, nonhelmeted patients incurred mean hospital costs of $18,458, whereas helmeted patients incurred $14,970 (P =.18). ISS, GCS, and ICU length of stay were significantly correlated with increased hospital costs (P <.01). Not using a helmet was a significant predictor of mortality (P =.04) after adjusting for alcohol/drug use and age.

Conclusions: Helmet use is associated with lower injury severity and increased survival after a motorcycle crash. These outcomes remained consistent even after controlling for age and alcohol and drug use. The medical and financial impact of Connecticut's partial helmet law should be carefully evaluated to petition for increased education and enforcement of helmet use.     

风浪扰动中太湖OA对水体磷循环影响的原位实验研究

在一次风速12 m.s-1的强风浪过程中,对太湖梅梁湾一浅水区水体有机聚集体（organic aggregates,OA）丰度、颗粒态有机质含量、碳、氮和磷含量等基本理化性质的变化情况进行了连续的原位监测和分析,同时分析了基本的水质指标.结果表明,风浪过程会对水体OA的理化性质及水体的磷循环产生极大的影响：在风浪过程中...     

氢氟酸烷基化装置检修过程HF泄露中毒事故故障树分析

根据某石化分公司HF中毒死亡事故,编制了氢氟酸烷基化装置检修过程HF泄漏中毒事故故障树对故障树分析中的最小割集、最小径集分析及结构重要度进行了分析,得出加强对岗位人员的安全教育,强化作业人员对岗位风险的认识是预防事故发生的主要措施.     

发展绿色交通促进交通行业节能减排的对策思考

＂十一五＂期间,中国实现了单位GDP能耗下降19.1%、节能6.3亿吨标准煤、减少二氧化碳排放15亿吨的目标责任,但面临的资源、环境约束形势依然严峻,交通运输行业作为重要的高污染高能耗领域有着不可推卸的责任。目前,交通部门在新能源的利用中存在的核心技术缺乏,自主创新能力不足,相关的配套政策、设施不到位等问题,也依然制约着中国交通运输行业的绿色发展。当前中国交通部门存在着严重的资源、环境问题,需借鉴国外发展绿色交通的经验,并结合本国国情,着力促进交通运输行业的节能减排,实现经济社会的可持续发展。     

中孔硅胶负载过氧乙酸深度脱除柴油硫化物

采用滴定吸附法将过氧乙酸组装于中孔硅胶中,通过红外光谱分析和N2吸附法对组装体进行了表征,研究了常温常压下,该组装体氧化、吸附、脱除柴油硫化物的活性.结果表明,该组装体具有优良的脱硫性能.柴油中硫化物与过氧乙酸在硅胶孔中发生氧化反应,氧化产物被吸附在硅胶上,使柴油的含硫量从1697μg/g降到14μg/g,符合美国环境保护署标准.     

高效离子色谱法同时检测F^—、CH3COO^—、HCOO^—、Cl^—离子的方法研究

使用高效离子色谱法（HPIC），一次进样50μL，可在8分钟内完成F^-、CH3COO^-、HCOO^-、Cl^-检测；且能用同套系统梯度淋洗完成其他常规阴离子的检测。本文并从最佳洗涤条件的选择、主要影响因素、方法准确度、精密度，方法检出限等方面进行了研究与探讨。     

Fluorescence spectroscopic studies of natural organic matter fractions

Because of the well-known molecular complexity and heterogeneity of natural organic matter (NOM), an aquatic bulk NOM was fractionated into well-defined polyphenolic-rich and carbohydrate-rich subfractions. These fractions were systematically characterized by fluorescence emission, three dimensional excitation-emission matrices, and synchronous-scan excitation spectroscopy in comparison with those of the reference International Humic Substances Society soil humic acid and Suwannee River fulvic acid. Results indicate that fluorescence spectroscopy can be useful to qualitatively differentiate not only NOM compounds from varying origins but also NOM subcomponents with varying compositions and functional properties. The polyphenolic-rich NOM-PP fraction exhibited a much more intense fluorescence and a red shift of peak position in comparison with the carbohydrate-rich NOM-CH fraction. Results also indicate that synchronous excitation spectra were able to provide improved peak resolution and structural signatures such as peak positioning, shift, and intensity among various NOM components as compared with those of the emission and excitation spectra. In particular, the synchronous spectral peak intensity and its red shift in the region of about 450-480 nm may be used to indicate the presence or absence of high molecular weight and polycondensed humic organic components, or the multicomponent nature of NOM or NOM subcomponents.     

日光/H_2O_2/草酸铁体系对垃圾渗滤液深度处理的试验研究

以草酸铁络合物/H2O2作光氧化剂,利用日光对垃圾渗滤生化出水进行了光氧化降解试验。结果表明,在溶液的初始体系pH=3.0,H2O2投加量为460mg/L,Fe3+质量浓度为20mg/L条件下,反应60min后,CODCr去除率可达80%以上;溶液初始体系的pH、H2O2和Fe3+的投加量及废水的水质对光解过程有显著影响,而且在太阳光照射下,CODCr去除率比紫外光照射下高。研究表明,在一定试验条件下,用日光/H2O2/草酸铁体系对城市垃圾渗滤液处理效果较好,可作为垃圾渗滤液的深度处理。     

水体pH和曝气方式对藻类生长的影响

利用水族箱微宇宙研究了藻类在不同pH和曝气条件下的生长和种类变化.使用天然湖水,一组试验每天调节pH,使其分别保持在8.0、8.5、9.0和9.5;另一组试验是设定不同的曝气方式,分别为不曝气、完全曝气、昼间曝气和夜间曝气,定期测定水体叶绿素a和藻类组成.pH试验结果显示,在pH 8.0～9.5范围内,pH 8.5下藻类生长状况最好,pH 9.5下生长最差,人为改变pH使其远离8.5能够抑制藻类生长.曝气试验结果显示,曝气不能抑制水体中藻类的生长,昼间曝气甚至还有明显的促进作用.     

TiO2/H2O2/UV和TiO2/O3/UV降解对氯苯甲酸和喹啉的试验研究

主要叙述TiO2/H2O2/UV和TiO2/O3/UV体系降解对氯苯甲酸(4-CBA)和喹啉的试验研究.研究表明,(1)在TiO2/H2O2/UV体系里目标物降解速度先随过氧化氢投加量的增加而提高,但超过一定浓度之后便开始下降;(2)在TiO2/O3/UV体系中,目标降解物的反应速度都非常快,且臭氧浓度高的时候降解速度更快;(3)二氧化钛催化剂在TiO2/O3/UV体系中作为积极因素有助于提高反应速率,而在TiO2/H2O2/UV体系是消极因素,会降低反应速率.