改性生物质电厂灰钝化修复南方镉污染土壤及其长效性研究

选取我国南方生物质发电厂的灰渣为原料,经物理和化学改性制成重金属钝化剂,针对我国南方重金属Cd污染的土壤开展钝化修复研究.底灰中Cd等重金属含量明显低于其对应的飞灰,这是选择底灰作原料的重要原因.用其制备的BFA型钝化剂在水中对Cd的吸附量可达16mg/g以上.室内盆栽试验中,添加土壤干重1%的钝化剂,第一季稻米Cd含量降低80%以上,从超标2.8倍降至达标;第二季小麦籽粒Cd降低70%,从超标0.9倍降至达标.在我国南方Cd重度污染的农田中开展的原位修复试验表明,添加1%的钝化剂,稻米和小麦籽粒中Cd降低70%~90%,其中稻米Cd持续降低,2017年降低率相较2016年继续提升10%~20%,最终从超标20倍降至达标;Ni降低60%以上,且保留有益的Cu、Zn元素不受明显影响;此BFA型钝化剂还能促进作物生长,第一季稻米产量提高40%~60%,第二季仍有一定的增长效果.综合安全性考虑,我国南方生物质电厂的灰渣重金属含量很低,经过改性加工可制成安全高效的重金属钝化剂.可为钝化修复我国南方重金属污染农田提供一种经济有效的方法,也为现阶段难以处置的灰渣提供一个重要的利用途径.     

钠化改性河南南部膨润土吸附亚甲基蓝性能分析

以河南南部天然钙基膨润土为原料,通过钠化改性得到了钠基膨润土.通过调控吸附剂用量、亚甲基蓝（MB）浓度、吸附时间、溶液pH值和温度,分析对比了天然钙基膨润土（PRT-1）、钙基提纯膨润土（PRT-1T）和钠基膨润土（PRT-1Na）对MB的去除效率.同时,对PRT-1T和PRT-1Na对MB的吸附动力学和吸附机制进行了研究.结果表明,由于PRT-1Na有更大的比表面积、更高的阳离子交换容量和更丰富的羟基结构,表现出对MB更好的吸附效果.在同等吸附条件下,PRT-1Na的吸附效果是PRT-1的4倍,PRT-1T是PRT-1的2倍.在20℃,pH为6,PRT-1Na用量为1.0 g,吸附时间为2 h,MB为500 mL,且初始浓度为500 mg·L^-1时,MB去除率高达99.89%.另外,PRT-1Na对MB染料废水的吸附既存在物理吸附也有化学吸附,Elovich模型对PRT-1T和PRT-1Na吸附MB染料废水的过程拟合度均高,但伪一级动力学模型对PRT-1Na拟合效果最好.     

燃煤飞灰负载钾基CO2吸收剂再生反应特性的动力学分析

采用热重分析的方法对吸收剂的再生反应进行研究,说明了燃煤飞灰负载钾基CO2吸收剂的制备方法,探讨了在不同升温速率下燃煤飞灰负载钾基CO2吸收剂和纯KHCO3的再生反应特性。结果表明: 燃煤飞灰负载吸收剂的峰值失重速率为0.13~0.73 mg?min-1,在升温速率为20 ℃?min-1时,反应温度区间最小,为94.34 ℃;采用多种分析方法对吸收剂的受热分解反应进行动力学分析,纯KHCO3的反应活化能为85.7~92.0 kJ·mol-1;燃煤飞灰负载钾基CO2吸收剂的反应活化能为66.2~69.4 kJ·mol-1,随着转化率上升,2种样品的活化能均先减小后增大。燃煤飞灰负载钾基吸收剂再生反应的活化能小于纯KHCO3的活化能,说明将KHCO3负载于燃煤飞灰上有利于再生反应的进行。     

Association between the mollusc bivalve Loripes lucinalis and a Chlamydia-like organism,with comments on its pathogenic impact,life cycle and possible mode of transmission

Loripes lucinalis is a littoral bivalve which has already been confirmed to harbour endo-cellular sulfur-oxidizing bacteria within its gills. Examination of the digestive gland of L. lucinalis collected from the Moulin Blanc Beach in the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France) revealed the existence of an additional association involving a Chlamydia-like organism. Three different forms of Chlamydia-like bacteria were observed: reticulate rod-shaped cells, electron-dense cells and enlarged cells. The reticulate rod-shaped cells and the electron-dense bodies are thought to represent the germinal initial body and infectious form of the bacteria, respectively. The enlarged cells were always associated with what are believed to be spherical or icosahedral phages. Initial infestation seems to occur by phagocytosis at the apical pole of the digestive cells of the tubule and duct epithelia. Within the host cell, the bacteria undergo binary fission and budding, forming an inclusion which gradually fills up the cell. Inclusions are generally between 15 and 30 m in size, and > 85% of all individuals examined possessed inclusion bodies. The level of infestation varied between individuals, some being heavily colonized, but did not seem to be related to season. Histological and ultrastructural observations suggest that, once developed, the colony has three possible fates: (1) the cells will degenerate due to phage infection; (2) colony overcrowding will occur, causing the development of electron-dense bodies that will be released into the lumen; (3) the entire membrane-bound inclusion will be released into the lumen and subsequently into the pallial cavity. Inclusions within the pallial cavity may be ingested by the host or may even be phagocytized by bacteriocyte cells of the gill. It is proposed that this association could be a form of symbiosis and that L. lucinalis may, therefore, be a rare example of an organism adapted to harbour two very different symbioses.     

水体中卤乙酸（HAAs）的产生、测定方法与控制途径

对饮用水中普遍存在的消毒副产物形式HAAs的产生、测定方法以及控制途径进行了阐述。并对影响HAAs生成的主要因素投氯量、溴的影响以及卤乙酸副产物（HAAFP）含量等进行了分析。生物活性炭技术是一种非常有效的控制HAAs含量和减少HAAFP含量的方法，对于保障饮用水安全性具有重要意义。     

石油炼制业污染防治与清洁生产

石油炼制业是国民经济的支柱行业,直接关系到整个国民经济的发展,它不仅提供各种石油产品,同时也为石油化工、化纤、化肥等工业提供原料。同时,石油炼制业也是污染物排放大户,在生产过程中产生大量废水、废气、固体废物,对人体健康和环境造成了一定潜在的影响。石油产品和中间产品多为易燃、易爆、有毒、有害的化学物质,在生产、储运和使用过程中,会对大气、水域、湖泊、土壤、环境造成危害,必须采取有效的方法加以预防和治理。而实施清洁生产可以有效的帮助石油炼制业节能资源、减少排污。     

两种吹扫捕集浓缩仪在测定土壤VOCs时的性能比较

从仪器精密度、方法检出限、准确度等角度对吹扫捕集浓缩仪Stratum PTC与Eclipse 4660的性能进行比较。结果表明,大部分分析物用Stratum PTC的方法检出限略高于Eclipse 4660,但精密度比Eclipse 4660稍差;Eclipse 4660用于分析极性的、水溶性物质的效果比Stratum PTC好,回收率更高。两种吹扫捕集仪的测试结果均满足《土壤和沉积物挥发性有机物的测定吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法》(HJ 605-2011)标准方法的指标要求。     

羊八井地热区典型植物对氟的吸附富集特征探究

采用水浴提取法处理羊八井地热区土壤和植物样品中可溶性氟,并用离子选择性电极法测定提取液及地热水中的氟。结果表明,地热水中氟离子最高为162 mg/L,土壤和植物中水溶性氟分别为347 mg/kg~937 mg/kg和189 mg/kg~164 mg/kg。氟离子在不同植物中的分布差异较大,嵩草属植物富集氟离子的能力最强,故可利用植物修复技术对高氟地热水、土壤净化处理,以降低氟污染。     

Small-scale spatial and temporal interactions among benthic crustaceans and one fish species in the Bay of Biscay

In the summer of 2004, a video survey was carried out in the northern part of the central mud bank (Grande Vasière) of the Bay of Biscay to study the small scale relationship between the dominant crustacean megafauna Nephrops norvegicus, Munida rugosa and Goneplax rhomboides and juvenile hake (Merluccius merluccius). Using a towed body, high-resolution videos were recorded in six sampling sites. Statistical modelling using generalised additive models (GAM) revealed variations in activity patterns for two species. More N. norvegicus were observed outside their burrows at dawn and somewhat at dusk (no observations during night) while G. rhomboides was less observed in the morning. In addition, reduced spatial overlap between G. rhomboides and N. norvegicus suggested reduced competition for food but also space as both are burrowing species. The observed temporal and spatial activity patterns may contribute to regulating assemblage structure as competing species may be actively foraging at different times and locations thus reducing direct competition.     

Highlights and new Editorial Advisory Board members of the Journal of Environmental Sciences

正The Journal of Environmental Sciences(JES)is honored to welcome Professors/Drs William A.Mitch,Jiuhui Qu,Susan D.Richardson,Jerald L.Schnoor,Hongxiao Tang,Shu Tao,and Hugh A.Tilson to serve on the Editorial Advisory Board(EAB).Their tremendous experience in scientific publications,leading expertise in topic areas pertinent to JES,diverse international networks/perspectives,and exemplary dedication to scientific excellence will guide and help the continuing healthy growth of JES.