Adjusting sowing date and cultivar shift improve maize adaption to climate change in China

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - This study investigates the impact of climate change on spring and summer maize (Zea mays) yield and evaluates several adaptation measures...     

Optimal range of plug-in electric vehicles in Beijing and Shanghai

Both China’s national subsidy policies for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) purchasers and passenger cars corporate average fuel consumption and new vehicle credit regulation (dual-credit policy) favor long-range 300+ km battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and 80+ km plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, these electric vehicles tend to have lower energy efficiency and higher purchase and operation costs. Vehicle with larger batteries can also be less equitable because the subsidies are often provided to more expensive vehicles and wealthier owners. This study takes advantage of a novel dataset of daily driving data from 39,854 conventional gasoline vehicles in Beijing and 4999 PHEVs in Shanghai to determine the optimal range of BEVs and PHEVs within their respective cities. We simulate a model to explore ranges with which PEVs emit less GHGs than that of a baseline hybrid and conventional gasoline vehicle while ensuring that all daily travel demands are met. Our findings indicate that in both cities, the optimal ranges to balance cost and travel demand for BEVs are 350 km or less and for PHEVs are 60 km or less in Beijing and 80 km or less in Shanghai. We also find that to minimize carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, the ranges are even lower 10 km in Beijing and 30 km in Shanghai. Our study suggests that instead of encouraging long-range PEVs, governments should subsidize PEV models with shorter ranges. Parallel efforts should also be made to both increase renewable energy over fossil fuels and expand charging facilities. Although individual mobility demand varies, the government could reduce occasional long-distance driving by subsidizing alternative transportation choices. Providing week-long driving trials to consumers before their purchases may help decrease the demand of very long range PEVs by alleviating the range anxiety through a learning process.

     

漆酶降解有机污染物的研究进展

文章综述了漆酶的来源及性质、催化氧化机制、催化氧化有机物的作用方式及影响其活性的因素,并分析了其在有机污物染治理方面的应用现状。综合国内外研究现状,开发新型的漆酶磁性纳米固定化材料及构建高效产漆酶基因工程菌是实现漆酶工业化应用的重要研究方向。     

机载产品盐雾试验结果评定判据分析与探讨

针对当前机载产品盐雾试验标准中缺少明确、可量化评估指标,试验结果评定判据粗略笼统且以定性评价为主,已不能满足产品发展和使用环境扩展需求等现状,在总结国内外现行盐雾试验标准的结果评定要求基础上,分析当前机载产品盐雾结果评定判据存在的问题与不足,从管理和技术两个层面提出改进试验结果评定可操作性的建议,指导机载产品盐雾试验实施与评价。     

淮河干流及主要支流夏季浮游植物群落生物多样性评价

浮游植物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,其群落变化与水体环境条件密切相关,是反映河流健康的主要生物指标.为揭示淮河流域浮游植物群落特征及其与水质的相互关系,于2015年夏季对淮河流域典型水体—淮河干流、沙颍河、涡河和淠河进行系统的水质及浮游植物调查,探明浮游植物群落及其空间分布特征,并结合水体理化指标和生物指数进行水质评价.结果表明,淮河干流及主要支流27个点位中共获得浮游植物8门71属153种,主要隶属于绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta).浮游植物密度为0.019×10~5~131.824×10~5ind·L~(-1),不同河段浮游植物分布表现出较为显著的空间差异性,平均密度大小呈现沙颖河淮河干流涡河淠河的特点.非参数多维尺度分析(Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling,NMDS)表明,淮河干流、淠河和涡河的浮游植物群落组成和结构的相似性较高,而与沙颍河的浮游植物群落存在一定的差异.Shannon多样性指数H'介于0.78~3.21之间,Margalef丰富度指数D介于1.03~4.79之间,Pielou均匀度指数J介于0.12~0.73之间.水质生物评价结果显示,淮河流域大部分水体处于中等污染状况,部分点位处于重污染状况,其结果与水质综合污染指数评价结果具有较好的一致性.研究结果可为淮河水污染防治和水生态修复提供基础依据.     

Effects of Na+ on Cu/SAPO-34 for ammonia selective catalytic reduction

Copper-exchanged chabazite (Cu/CHA) catalysts have been found to be affected by alkali metal and alkaline earth ions. However, the effects of Na⁺ ions on Cu/SAPO-34 for ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) are still unclear. In order to investigate the mechanism, five samples with various Na contents were synthesized and characterized. It was observed that the introduced Na⁺ ion-exchanges with H⁺ and Cu^2 + of Cu/SAPO-34. The exchange of H⁺ is easier than that of isolated Cu^2 +. The exchanged Cu^2 + ions aggregate and form “CuAl₂O₄-like” species. The NH₃-SCR activity of Cu/SAPO-34 decreases with increasing Na content, and the loss of isolated Cu^2 + and acid sites is responsible for the activity loss.     

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.     

Regionalization based on spatial and seasonal variation in ground-level ozone concentrations across China

Owing to the vast territory of China and strong regional characteristic of ozone pollution,it's desirable for policy makers to have a targeted and prioritized regulation and ozone pollution control strategy in China based on scientific evidences. It's important to assess its current pollution status as well as spatial and temporal variation patterns across China.Recent advances of national monitoring networks provide an opportunity to insight the actions of ozone pollution. Here, we present rotated empirical orthogonal function(REOF)analysis that was used on studying the spatiotemporal characteristics of daily ozone concentrations. Based on results of REOF analysis in pollution seasons for 3 years' observations, twelve regions with clear patterns were identified in China. The patterns of temporal variation of ozone in each region were separated well and different from each other, reflecting local meteorological, photochemical or pollution features. A rising trend in annual averaged Eight-hour Average Ozone Concentrations(O_3-8 hr) from 2014 to 2016 was observed for all regions, except for the Tibetan Plateau. The mean values of annual and 90 percentile concentrations for all 338 cities were 82.6 ± 14.6 and 133.9 ± 25.8 μg/m~3,respectively, in 2015. The regionalization results of ozone were found to be influenced greatly by terrain features, indicating significant terrain and landform effects on ozone spatial correlations. Among 12 regions, North China Plain, Huanghuai Plain, Central Yangtze River Plain, Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin were realized as priority regions for mitigation strategies, due to their higher ozone concentrations and dense population.     

碳量子点掺杂氮化碳提高的光电化学阴极保护性能研究

目的研究g-C_3N_4/C-Dots-M复合材料的光电化学阴极保护性能。方法采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和紫外可见漫反射光谱技术对样品的晶体结构、微观形貌和光吸收性能进行表征。通过电化学测试可见光照射下g-C_3N_4/C-Dots-M复合材料光电极偶联316L不锈钢后的光电化学阴极保护电流密度和电位变化曲线,研究材料的光电化学阴极保护性能。结果可见光照射下,该偶联体系的光致混合电位下降至-0.43 V(vs. Ag/AgCl),光电化学阴极保护电流密度达到4.3μA/cm。结论得益于碳量子点优异的电子传导特性,g-C_3N_4/C-Dots-550复合材料的光电化学阴极保护性能比纯g-C_3N_4的明显增强。该复合材料在光电化学阴极保护方面展现了较大的应用潜力。     

DZ125合金HY3包覆型涂层退除研究

目的 研究化学法退除DZ125合金HY3包覆型涂层。方法 采用真空电弧镀技术（AIP）在定向凝固镍基高温合金DZ125上制备包覆型涂层HY3,利用化学方法完全退除基体上的涂层,通过失重法研究对比1#和2#退除溶液退除HY3涂层和DZ125合金的退除速率,采用扫描电镜（SEM）对退除后的HY3涂层和DZ125基体的微观组织进行观察。结果 经过100 min,2#溶液可以将20 ?m左右的HY3涂层完全退除,采用1#溶液需要超过100 min才能完全退除涂层。两种对DZ125合金的腐蚀性很小,对于同一种合金而言,1#溶液和2#溶液对合金的腐蚀速率比值为1︰13。在1#溶液中,合金与涂层腐蚀速率的比值为1︰87.65;在2#退除溶液中,合金与涂层腐蚀速率的比值为1︰6.81。结论 1#溶液更加适合退除DZ125合金上的HY3涂层。