NH3-N在大连湾的水环境行为模拟研究

应用三维水质模型对大连湾中的主要污染物NH3-N的行为进行了模拟,对NH3-N浓度的时空变化规律以及其影响因素进行了研究,选择主要的模型参数进行了灵敏度分析。由空间分布的模拟结果可知,在大连湾,NH3-N浓度主要集中在排污口附近区域,灵敏度分析显示,在排污口区水体的扩散能力对NH3-N浓度的影响较大。由季节变化模拟结果可知,在湾顶部的排污口区NH3-N浓度显示明显的季节变化趋势。在湾中部和朝海边界的湾口区NH3-N浓度较低,变化平缓。模拟结果可以为大连湾的污染控制、水质规划和管理提供科学依据。     

藻类在大连湾的水环境行为数值模拟研究

应用三维水质模型对大连湾水体中的藻类碳浓度的时空变化规律以及其影响因素进行了研究,选择主要的模型参数进行了灵敏度分析。由空间分布的模拟结果可知,在大连湾,藻类主要集中在排污口附近区域。由季节变化模拟结果可知,在湾顶部的排污口区藻类生产显示明显的季节变化趋势,在夏季,主要受到磷酸盐浓度的限制。灵敏度分析显示,在排污口区水体的扩散能力对藻类生产的影响较大,在湾中部和湾口区主要受到磷酸盐负荷的影响。模拟结果可以为大连湾的污染控制、水质规划和管理提供科学依据。     

基于元数据的南宁市环境信息共享模式分析

元数据技术是目前环境信息管理的发展趋势，对基于元数据的南宁市环境信息共享模式进行了探索与研究，提出了元数据系统功能及内容框架的解决方案。     

交替冻融对东北地区典型土壤氮磷浓度的影响

研究了交替冻融对东北地区黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土中的全氮、有效氮、全磷和有效磷的影响。结果表明,经过15次交替冻融后,三种类型土壤的全氮浓度均未发生明显变化,说明在交替冻融过程中,硝化与反硝化共同作用并不明显。由于冻融作用增强土壤释水性和水分渗透性,经15次交替冻融后,黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土的有效氮浓度均有所升高,以水稻土最显著,上升了31.25%。三种土壤全磷浓度均在初次冻融后大幅增高,总体呈升高趋势,分析原因主要是冻融作用破坏了土壤团聚体,增加了与消化液反应的机会。经15次交替冻融后,黑土和水稻土的有效磷浓度分别上升17.72%和56.16%,暗棕壤的有效磷浓度下降35.19%,这说明交替冻融过程中土壤有效磷的变化不但取决于土壤的C/P,还受土地利用类型的影响,林地的有效磷浓度可能由于发生磷的净固定而降低。     

运用法律手段加强环境治理工作的有效性

单靠道德自律及经济、行政性处罚等手段 不可能从根本上解决环境问题,唯有加强法律作为硬性强制性手段,才能加大环保工作的有效性。     

Occurrence of dissolved PAHs in the Jinsha River (Panzhihua)--upper reaches of the Yangtze River,Southwest China

16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in water samples from the Jinsha River (Panzhihua part), Southwest China. Total dissolved PAH concentrations varied from 21.89 microg l(-1) to 382.8 microg l(-1). It was found that the concentration of PAHs decreased along the flow direction due to the higher density distribution of coal chemical industry in the upstream of our study rivers. The pollution levels in our study area are significantly higher than previously reported values in other waters both in China and other countries. The predominance of benzo[k]fluoranthene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene was clearly observed in all water samples. On average these two compounds accounted for 98.3% of the total dissolved PAH concentration in water. The results showed the positive correlations among total dissolved PAHs, benzo[k]fluoranthene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, which suggested that these two predominant PAHs have similar source and environmental behaviors in our study area. When compared with the survey results of organic micropollutants two decades ago, it was found that hydrocarbon pollution both predominated and even increased with the development of coal chemical industry in this area during the past 20 years. The results therefore provide important information on the current contamination status of a key industrial city in China, and points to the need for urgent action to investigate the relationship between the PAH composition and concentration in water from the Jinsha River and the wastewater discharge from coal chemical industry, and to identify the source, transport pathway and fate of PAHs in the area. It should then be necessary to adopt appropriate and instant measures to control the pollution around this area.     

Climate impact on social systems: the risk assessment approach

A novel approach to the problem of estimating climate impact on social systems is suggested. This approach is based on a risk concept, where the notion of critical events is introduced and the probability of such events is estimated. The estimation considers both the inherent stochasticity of climatic processes and the artificial stochasticity of climate predictions due to scientific uncertainties. The method is worked out in some detail for the regional problem of crop production and the risks associated with global climate change, and illustrated by a case study (Kursk region of the FSU). In order to get local climatic characteristics (weather), a so-called statistical weather generator is used. One interesting finding is that the 3% risk level remains constant up to 1.0–1.1°C rise of mean seasonal temperature, if the variance does not change. On the other hand, the risk grows rapidly with increasing variance (even if the mean temperature rises very slowly). The risk approach is able to separate two problems: (i) assessment of global change impact, and (ii) decision making. The main task for the scientific community is to provide the politicians with different options; the choice of admissible (from the social point of view) critical events and the corresponding risk levels is the business of decision makers.     

Mathematical balance models for monitoring the state of Lake Baikal

The global cycles of man-produced pollutants entering the natural environment are reflected in changes of pollutant cycles, even in background regions.The system of mathematical balance simulation models of inorganic pollutant distribution and circulation (some heavy metals and pesticides included in the priority list for integrated background monitoring) has been developed for the Lake Baikal drainage basin. The system consists of the following units: (1) inventory and classification of regional sources of pollutants entering the atmosphere, natural waters and soils; (2) computation of the global atmospheric transfer and depositions; (3) regional spreading with atmospheric fluxes and deposition onto the underlying surfaces; (4) transport with waterflows feeding Lake Baikal; (5) transport with the lake currents and balance in the lake.The models developed have enabled improvement of existing programmes and systems of observations, in particular to substantiate the large-scale snow sampling and analysis network, and to develop the programme of integrated surveys of the state of Lake Baikal. Since 1981 these actions have been included in the operational network observations within the Lake Baikal Monitoring System.     

物元分析法在池塘循环流水养殖模式监测点优化中的应用

基于2018年-2019年松江池塘循环流水养殖模式水质监测数据,采用物元分析和聚类分析相融合的评价方法对水环境质量状况进行评价.结果表明,改进后的物元分析适用于池塘循环流水养殖模式监测网络,监测点从19个减少到8个,可节省50％的成本.F检验和T检验验证结果表明,优化后的监测网络能较好地代表原始监测网络.     

鄱阳湖湿地现状问题与未来趋势

近年来鄱阳湖秋冬季水文呈干枯态势,湿地生态系统及其关键因子也发生了变化。如何合理保护和利用鄱阳湖湿地引起各方关注。系统综述了鄱阳湖湿地生态系统在水文、江湖关系、水质、水鸟栖息地、渔业资源等方面存在的问题,梳理了引起这些问题的外部和内部因素。针对"一切照常"和"水位调控"两种情景,预测了湿地未来的变化趋势,并指出了当前研究中的不确定性问题。研究认为:鄱阳湖秋冬季的低枯水位,对水质、湿地植被、水鸟栖息地以及鱼类食物资源和"三场"(即:产卵场、洄游通道、索饵场)产生了一定不利影响。建议通过模型模拟和情景预测来分析不同调控方案的影响效果,优化调控方案、将生态系统的负面影响降到最低。