A new effect residual ratio (ERR) method for the validation of the concentration addition and independent action models

Background, aim, and scope  

Glutaraldehyde (GA) often acts as an effective sterilant, disinfectant, and preservative in chemical products. It was found that GA had clearly acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. Furthermore, GA in natural environment could not exist as single species but as complex mixtures. To explore the toxicity interaction between GA and the other environmental pollutant, it is necessary to determine the mixture toxicities of various binary mixtures including GA. Two reference models, concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), are often employed to evaluate the mixture toxicity, which can be finished by comparing the concentration–response curves (CRCs) predicted by the reference models with the experimental CRC of the mixture. However, the CRC-based method cannot effectively denote the degree of the deviations from the reference models, especially at very low effect levels. Though the model deviation ratio (MDR) can be used to quantitatively evaluate the deviation of a mixture at EC50 level from the reference model, it is difficult to evaluate the deviations at the lower effect levels. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to develop a new effect residual ratio (ERR) method to validate the deviations from the reference models at various effect levels.     

四川省草地生态系统破坏损失价值评估

本文建立了四川省草地生态系统服务价值评价指标体系,初步估算其年度服务价值,并通过确定人为破坏率来评估四川省草地生态系统破坏损失价值。结果表明,目前,四川省由于人为破坏造成草地生态破坏损失达到370.55亿元,占2010年全省地区GDP的2.16%,其中,水土保持贡献率最大,达到34.52%。过度放牧是造成四川省草地生态系统破坏的重要原因。     

山东省近10年对流层NO2柱浓度时空变化及影响因素

利用OMI卫星对流层NO2柱浓度产品研究了近10年山东省NO2时空格局及影响因素,结果表明: 对流层NO2柱浓度波动较大,10年柱浓度年均值增幅为28.5%,其中2011年浓度最高;对流层NO2柱浓度空间变化显著,2005~2009年四、五级高值仅出现在经济发达的内陆城市, 2010~2012年四、五级高值范围显著扩大至中西部大范围地区,尤以2011年最为严重, 2013~2014年,四、五级高值范围呈逐步缩小趋势; 夏季丰富的降水对NO2具有显著湿沉降作用;山东省近10年地区生产总值不断攀升、机动车保有量大且增幅快、秸秆焚烧火点个数多,这些人为排放是对流层NO2柱浓度升高的主要影响因素.     

PAFC-PDM复合混凝剂强化混凝去除水库源水中的藻类

将聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)与聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)复合制备了新型复合混凝剂PAFC–PDMDAAC (PAFC-PDM),对含藻的水库原水进行强化混凝处理研究.研究对比了PAFC-PDM,PAFC与预氯化工艺的除藻效果,并对其混凝除藻机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,对于藻细胞数为7.98×106~1.17×107cells/L和浊度为2.56~3.59NTU的水库原水,当PAFC-PDM投加量为1.0mg/L时(以Al2O3计),藻类和浊度的去除率分别达到93.5%和81.7%,显著优于PAFC的混凝处理效果;对藻细胞进行扫描电镜和预氯化副产物分析表明,预氯化杀藻除藻方法,不仅破坏了藻细胞结构,而且产生了三卤甲烷类氯化消毒副产物,影响饮水水质;采用PAFC-PDM强化混凝工艺除藻,不破坏藻细胞,无消毒副产物.     

乳酸菌复合系SFC-2处理水稻秸秆的效果

以处理农作物稻秆,减轻环境压力为目的,将本实验室筛选的乳酸菌复合系SFC-2接种到水稻秸秆,研究了其饲料化效果.结果表明,接种处理与未接种处理相比外观上颜色发黄发亮,松软酸香,发酵30 d后,接种处理的pH降至3.8,对照为4.1.同时发酵料中乳酸生成量增加,尤其是L-乳酸增加了约2倍,粗蛋白含量提高了10.16%,粗纤维含量降低了3.2%.通过变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析发酵过程中微生物菌系变化,接种SFC-2后,复合系中的主要组成菌Lactobacillus plantarum,Lactobacillus fermentum和Lactobacillus paracasei等菌株迅速成为发酵料中的优势菌群,相应未接种对照中可见的Enterobacter sakazakii, Pantoea agglomerans, Enterobacter endosymbiont, Pantoea ananatis等杂菌被抑制,发酵品质得到明显改善.     

Distribution and accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigated soils in Hebei, China

This study investigated the occurrence of 43 emerging contaminants including 9 endocrine-disrupting chemicals and 34 pharmaceuticals in three sites in Hebei Province, north China. Each site has a wastewater irrigated plot and a separate groundwater irrigated plot for comparison purpose. The results showed that the concentrations of the target compounds in the wastewater irrigated soils were in most cases higher than those in the groundwater irrigated soils. Among the 43 target compounds, nine compounds bisphenol-A, triclocarban, triclosan, 4-nonylphenol, salicylic acid, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, trimethoprim and primidone were detected at least once in the soils. Preliminary environmental risk assessment showed that triclocarban might pose high risks to terrestrial organisms while the other detected compounds posed minimal risks. Irrigation with wastewater could lead to presence or accumulation of some emerging contaminants to some extent in irrigated soils.     

矿区家庭灰尘中重金属污染及其潜在生态风险

为进一步了解我国西南某矿区周边家庭灰尘中重金属的污染水平和潜在生态风险,选取西南某矿区周边3个村庄(A村、B村和C村)的家庭作为研究区域,分析了102个家庭灰尘样品中Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Hg 5种重金属的含量水平及其分布特征,并采用潜在生态危害指数法(RI)进行生态风险评价.结果表明,西南某矿区周边3个村庄家庭灰尘中重金属的含量水平从高到底的顺序为:w(Pb)>w(Cr)>w(Cd)>w(As)>w(Hg).Cd、Pb、Hg在不同家庭灰尘中均有不同程度的累积,其中Cd的累积程度最为严重,最高累积系数为226.30,其次为Pb和Hg;Cr和As在不同家庭灰尘中累积系数均小于1.分别对3个村庄家庭灰尘中重金属进行相关分析,结果表明:A村家庭灰尘中Cd和Pb、Cd和As、Cr和Hg、Pb和As均具有较好的相关性;B村家庭灰尘中Cd和Pb、Cd和Hg具有较好的相关性;C村家庭灰尘中各元素均不存在显著相关性.主成分分析结果表明,研究区域家庭灰尘中Cd、Pb和Hg主要来源于室外环境,包括周边铅锌矿采选和冶炼及汽车尾气排放等.潜在生态风险评价显示:A村、B村和C村家庭灰尘中重金属的综合潜在生态危害均达到了极强生态危害水平.