Framework for improved confidence in modeled nitrous oxide estimates for biofuel regulatory standards

Biofuels vary greatly in their carbon intensity, depending on the specifics of how they are produced. Policy frameworks are needed to ensure that biofuels actually achieve intended reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Current approaches do not account for important variables during cultivation that influence emissions. Estimating emissions based on biogeochemical models would allow accounting of farm-specific conditions, which in turn provides an incentive for producers to adopt low emissions practices. However, there are substantial uncertainties in the application of biogeochemical models. This paper proposes a policy framework that manages this uncertainty while retaining the ability of the models to account for (and hence incentivize) low emissions practices. The proposed framework is demonstrated on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the cultivation of winter barley. The framework aggregates uncertainties over time, which (1) avoids penalizing producers for uncertainty in weather, (2) allows for a high degree of confidence in the emissions reductions achieved, and (3) attenuates the uncertainty penalties borne by producers within a timescale of several years. Results indicate that with effective management, N₂O emissions from feedstock cultivation may be <?5% of the carbon intensity of gasoline, whereas the existing policy approach estimates emissions >?20% of the carbon intensity of gasoline. If these emissions reductions are monetized, the framework can provide up to $0.002 per liter credits (0.8 cents per gallon) to fuel producers, which could incentivize emissions mitigation practices by biofuel feedstock suppliers, such as avoiding fall N application on silty clay loam soils. The conservatism in the current approach fails to incentivize the adoption of biofuels, while the lack of specificity fails to incentivize site-level mitigation practices. Improved uncertainty accounting and consideration of farm-level practices will incentivize mitigation efforts at landscape to global scales.     

浅谈城市排水体制的选择及建设

城市排水系统是城市重要的基础设施,是污水收集和集中处理的关键,是污水处理保护水资源和改善环境的必要手段。而排水体制的选择需要结合当地的城镇及工业企业的规划、环境保护的要求、污水利用情况、原有排水设施、水质、水量、地形、气候和水体等条件综合考虑。     

抚顺西露天矿与典型平原冬季逆温特征的比较

利用现场采集的数据,通过统计分析,得出抚顺西露天矿及其周围平原地区冬季逆温特征,并简单分析了其成因。对两者进行比较,得出了在露天矿坑特殊的地形及小气候条件下形成的逆温现象与典型的中纬度大陆地区逆温的差异及这种差异形成的原因。     

淄川区环境噪声监测与评价研究

噪声污染自20世纪70年代以来被称为城市环境问题的四大公害之一,是21世纪环境污染控制的主要对象。文章对中国城市环境噪声污染研究状况进行了深入研究,提出了淄川区环境噪声的研究目的和主要内容,并从城市环境噪声功能区的角度出发,对淄川区区域环境噪声进行监测与评价,分析了淄川区环境噪声污染的原因、现状及特征,对噪声水平进行评价,并提出相应降噪措施,以期为改善淄川声环境提供科学依据。文章建议在以后的环境噪声监测工作中,在全面布设测点并长期噪声监测的基础上,开展噪声环境影响预测与评价,这对经济和城市规模都在快速发展的淄川区而言,都更具有意义。     

普通高校实验室文档资料的管理

本文通过对实验室文档资料管理的重要性分析，结合自己的实际工作经验，阐述了普通高等院校实验室文档资料管理的状况以及进一步改进的方案和具体措施，将为提高实验管理水平起到一定的促进作用。     

生态工业园区评价指标体系的建立与应用

系统论述了生态工业评价指标体系的建立与应用方法，分析了指标体系框建立原则及设计，同时以辽宁西洋特肥厂为例系统分析了指标体系的应用与评价技术。本文对生态工业园区和循环经济园区规划具有现实指导意义，但由于工业体系复杂性和差异性，在应用时可根据实际情况适当调整。     

Characterization and source identification of submicron aerosol during serious haze pollution periods in Beijing

Submicron aerosol is of extensive concern not only due to its significant impact on air quality but also because it is detrimental to human health. In this study, we investigated the characteristics, sources and chemical processes of submicron aerosol based on realtime online measurements of submicron aerosols（NR-PM 1） during December 2015 at an urban site in Beijing. The average mass concentration of NR-PM 1 was 92.5 ±84.9 μg/m³, the hourly maximum was 459.1 μg/m³ during t...     

Co- or Ni-modified Sn-MnOx low-dimensional multi-oxides for high-efficient NH3-SCR De-NOx: Performance optimization and reaction mechanism

NH₃-SCR performances were explored to the relationship between structure morphology and physio-chemical properties over low-dimensional ternary Mn-based catalysts prepared by one-step synthesis method.Due to its strong oxidation performance,Sn-MnOx was prone to side reactions between NO,NH₃ and O₂,resulting in the generation of more NO₂ and N₂ O,here most of N₂ O was driven from the non-selective oxidation of NH₃,while ...     

Growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of Microcystis aeruginosa under various environmental conditions

Growth and uptake of exogenous phosphate by Microcystis aeruginosa in batch culture under different temperature, photoperiod, and turbulence were studied by the method of phosphate isotope tracer. Relatively high temperature, long photoperiod and strong turbulence increased the cell density of M. aeruginosa in these batch cultures. The initial rapid uptake of phosphate by M. aeruginosa was independent of the temperature, photoperiod, and turbulence. Similarly, maximum exogenous phosphate uptake was not related to these environmental factors. However, elevated temperature and turbulence shortened the time, required to obtain maximum P accumulation. The growth of M. aeruginosa could alleviate the phosphorous leakage. Total amounts of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa and the phosphorus leakage of M. aeruginosa were significantly influenced by the growth state of M. aeruginosa closely correlated with the environmental factors. The maximum volume of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa was 46% of added exogenous phosphate in water with 16 hours of photoperiod. Thus, total amounts of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa were more strongly affected by the photoperiod length than temperature and turbulence.     

Woody Vegetation Composition and Structure in Peri-urban Chongming Island, China

Chongming, the world’s largest alluvial island, is located within the municipality of Shanghai, China. Recent projects have now linked peri-urban Chongming to Shanghai’s urban core and as a result will soon undergo substantial changes from urbanization. We quantitatively analyzed the structure and composition of woody vegetation across subtropical, peri-urban Chongming as a basis for sustainable management of these rapidly urbanizing subtropical ecosystems elsewhere. We used 178 permanent, random plots to statistically and spatially analyze woody plant composition and tree structure across the 1,041 km² of Chongming. A total of 2,251 woody plants were measured comprising 42 species in 37 genera. We statistically and geospatially analyzed field data according to land uses and modeled air pollution removal by trees. Average tree diameter at breast height, total height, and crown widths on transportation land uses were greater than other land uses. These same values were lowest on forest land use and greater tree cover was associated with areas of increased anthropogenic activity. Less than 20 % of the woody vegetation was exotic and a species richness index was significantly different between land uses due to legacy effects. Composition of agriculture and forest land uses were similar to residential and transportation. Tree cover across Chongming was also estimated to annually remove 1,400 tons of air pollutants. We propose that this integrated and quantitative method can be used in other subtropical, peri-urban areas in developing countries to establish baseline trends for future sustainability objectives and to monitor the effects of urbanization and climate change.