Modelling tritrophic interactions mediated by induced defence volatiles

Many plant species defend themselves against herbivorous insects indirectly by producing and releasing induced volatiles to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. In this paper, we consider the recruitment of natural enemies attracted by plant-induced volatiles and introduce the An–Liu–Johnson–Lovett model into the Lotka–Volterra model in an attempt to add this missing vital link in tritrophic interaction. Increase in attraction strength of plant-induced volatiles to the natural enemy leads to high fluctuation amplitude of plant biomass and herbivore population. When the attack strength of natural enemies reaches a certain level, fluctuation amplitude of plant biomass and herbivore population will decrease and plant biomass will approach to its environmental carrying capacity. The simulation demonstrates that plant volatile compounds induced by insects have led to the introduction of a third tritrophic level, e.g., natural enemies, into the plant–herbivore system, resulting in the coexistence of plants, insects, and natural enemies during the evolution process.     

Floodplain methylmercury biomagnification factor higher than that of the contiguous river (South River, Virginia USA)

Mercury biomagnification on the South River floodplain (Virginia, USA) was modeled at two locations along a river reach previously modeled for methylmercury movement through the aquatic trophic web. This provided an opportunity to compare biomagnification in adjoining trophic webs. Like the aquatic modeling results, methylmercury-based models provided better prediction than those for total mercury. Total mercury Food Web Magnification Factors (FWMF, fold per trophic level) for the two locations were 4.9 and 9.5. Methylmercury FWMF for the floodplain locations were higher (9.3 and 25.1) than that of the adjacent river (4.6). Previous speculation was not resolved regarding whether the high mercury concentrations observed in floodplain birds was materially influenced by river prey consumption by riparian spiders and subsequent spider movement into the trophic web of the adjacent floodplains. Results were consistent with a gradual methylmercury concentration increase from contaminated floodplain soil, to arthropod prey, and finally, to avian predators.     

复合曝气生物滤池处理微污染源水的试验研究

采用复合曝气生物滤池工艺(生物活性炭BAC+曝气生物滤池BAF)将常规生化过滤、活性炭吸附与生物膜氧化技术相结合,对微污染源水处理进行试验研究,以期为其工程应用提供理论依据.结果表明,在源水为Ⅳ类水的情况下,复合BAF反应器对水中CODMn和UV254的平均去除率分别为25.8%和18.4%,对NH3-N及浊度的平均去除率分别为86.2%和53.6%.复合曝气生物滤池工艺作为微污染源水的预处理净水设施能有效改善饮用水处理水质.在进一步进行其他几项水质指标的试验研究以及优化运行参数后可应用于工程实践.     

TiO_2/NiFe_2O_4磁性纳米光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

先用水热法制备了纳米级NiFe2O4磁核,然后采用均匀沉淀法在NiFe2O4磁核表面包覆TiO2,制备了一种新型磁性纳米光催化剂TiO2/NiFe2O4。通过实验确定了制备TiO2/NiFe2O4的最佳Ti/Ni(摩尔比)为30/1,用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外—可见(UV—Vis)漫反射、热重—差示扫描量热分析(TG—DSC)、磁力学测试等手段对其进行了表征。以甲基橙的水溶液为模拟污染物,评价了TiO2/NiFe2O4的光催化性能,在光照2h后,甲基橙的脱色率可达98.5%。研究结果表明,TiO2/NiFe2O4是一种可重复使用的高效光催化剂。     

城市污水厂污泥的浸泡油炸

提出了一种利用餐厨废油为热交换介质,在常压下对城市污水厂污泥进行油炸干化制成固体燃料,以实现城镇两大废弃物一污泥和餐厨废油综合处置的方法。以大豆油模拟餐厨废油,研究了污泥油炸干燥特性及过程影响参数。实验结果表明,污泥经油炸干化后,干基含水率从初始的4．56kg／kg降低至0．05kg／kg,干基含油率升为0．37～0．47kg／kg,干污泥热值达到21．551～24．082MJ／kg,是一种高热值固体燃料。油温对污泥油炸干化过程影响显著,当油温从120℃升至180℃时,污泥干燥时间从28min缩短至4min。实验条件下,1t餐厨废油可处理约8．3t湿污泥。     

活性炭辅助微波活化煤矸石的“枣糕”模型

采用活性炭辅助微波活化煤矸石,将煤矸石的活化时间由传统高温焙烧方法的2 h缩短到了24 min以内。将70目活性炭与200目煤矸粉以2.0∶1的质量配比充分混合后在800 W微波功率下活化24 min,铝铁浸出率可达750℃焙烧2 h的1.71倍。将微波看做实体物质,将活化过程看做是由活性炭向煤矸粉的单向微波能量传递,引入化学反应工程学方法,"枣糕"模型计算表明,在680 W功率下,活性炭的微波附着速率常数ka=0.334 min-1,微波脱附速率常数k’a=0.050 min-1,煤矸粉的微波附着速率常数kb=0.262 min-1,相关系数R=0.99997。在528、680、800 W 3个功率水平下,"枣糕"模型的计算值均与实验值拟合良好,相关系数均高于0.999,在以上3功率下,发现极限铝铁相对浸出率a与极限温升ΔTmax近似成正比。     

氨基功能化碳材料的水热制备及其对活性艳红K-2BP的吸附性能

以葡萄糖为前驱物,以氨水或谷氨酸为添加物,通过一步水热法制备出氨基功能化碳材料,并研究了这些碳材料对活性艳红K-2BP的吸附性能。结果表明,在葡萄糖水热过程中加入不同添加物可以得到不同形貌的碳材料(从微球到不规则形状)。当以只有葡萄糖为前驱物制备的碳微球作为K-2BP的吸附剂时,其对K-2BP的最大吸附量为6.28 mg/g。当在水热体系中加入氨水和谷氨酸作为共聚物后,两者会产生协同作用,使得到的碳材料对K-2BP的吸附性能大大提高,最大吸附量达到37.0 mg/g。单纯的葡萄糖水热体系得到的碳微球对K-2BP的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,而氨基功能化的碳材料对K-2BP的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程符合准一级动力学模型。低的溶液pH有利于K-2BP的吸附。     

嗜碱细菌降解木质素的复合碳源共代谢研究Ⅱ—营养条件调控机制的研究

文章研究了在蔗糖（第一碳源）＋麦草木质素（第二碳源）的复合碳源组合方式培养条件下,嗜碱木质素降解菌降解木质素的降解率及营养条件调控机制对其的影响。结果表明,蔗糖初始浓度为1g/L,添加0．3％的T－80和0.5mmol/L的ABTS并静置培养对菌株的产酶及降解能力有较大的促进作用。     

浅谈循环经济与畜禽粪便资源化

我国畜禽养殖业发展迅速,但由于相关政策脱节、缺乏合理规划与布局、技术研究落后等原因,畜禽废弃物未经有效处理直接排入环境中,造成毒化水源、污染大气、传播病菌、危害农田等一系列危害.运用循环经济理论指导畜禽粪便环境污染治理,使其实现减量化、资源化、无害化,具有很大的经济效益和环境效益.     

基于HJＧ１B数据的武汉市LST反演及热环境分析

以HJ 1B CCD/IRS4为主要数据源,采用单窗算法,反演了武汉市夏季高温代表日的地表温度,并用MODIS地表温度产品对反演结果进行了验证。在此基础上,提取热场变异复合指数来分析城市热岛空间分布特征,给出了城市热岛效应的定量化描述,并就不同下垫面对热岛效应的影响进行了研究。结果如下：（1）武汉城市热岛呈现整体上交错分布而局部小聚集的不规则特点,大热岛之中存在一些温度更高的小热岛;（2）武汉市2009~2012年夏季高温日平均LST为30611 K,多数城区温度达到309～317 K;（3）主城区热场变异复合指数均超过了0015,表现为较强－极强的热岛效应;6个等级的热岛效应强度的面积比例依次下降,而对应的LST平均值则逐渐升高;(4)不同地表覆盖类型LST相差较大,其在地表类型面积构成中的比例不同。研究成果可为城市热环境监测与生态评价提供科学依据